Stupa

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The Great Stupa at Sanchi (4th-1st century BCE).

A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli, literally meaning "heap") is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics--typically, the remains of a Buddha or saint. In other Asian languages such monuments are called

chos rtan (Tibetan, "dharma place/seat")
chedi (Thai, from the Pāli chaitya)
dagobah (Sinhalese, from the Sanskrit dhatu)
tope (Hindi, from the Sanskrit)
garbha (Sanskrit, meaning a storehouse or repository)

After "stupa," chorten (from the Tibetan chos rtan) is the most commonly-encountered English term. The term "reliquary" is sometimes used, after a Roman Catholic functional equivalent.

Stupas are an ancient form of mandala.^[1]

1 Description and history
2 Gallery
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links

[edit] Description and history

Evolution of the Butkara stupa, through the Mauryan, Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Kushan periods.

Stupa surrounded by four lion-crowned pillars. Gandhara, 2nd century CE.

The main Stupa crowning Borobudur Buddhist monument, Java, Indonesia.

Buddha relics from Kanishka's stupa in Peshawar, Pakistan, now in Mandalay, Burma. Teresa Merrigan, 2005

The stupa is the latest Buddhist religious monument and was originally only a simple mound of mud or clay to cover supposed relics of the Buddha. After the "passing away" of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight stupas with two further stupas encasing the urn and the embers. Little is known about these early stupas, particularly since it has not been possible to identify the original ten monuments. However, some later stupas, such as at Sarnath and Sanchi, seem to be embellishments of earlier mounds.

In the third century BCE, after his conversion to Buddhism, the emperor Ashoka had the original stupas opened and the remains distributed among the several thousand stupas he had built. Nevertheless, the stupas at the eight places associated with the life of the Buddha continued to be of particular importance. Accordingly, the importance of a stupa changed from being a funerary monument to being an object of veneration. As a consequence their appearance changed also. Stupas were built in Sri Lanka soon after King Devanampiyatissa converted to Buddhism, the first stupa to be built was the Thuparamaya. Later on Sri Lanka went on to build many stupas over the years, some like the Jetavanarama in Anuradhapura being one of the tallest ancient structures in the world.

They evolved into large hemispherical mounds with features such as the torana (gateway), the vedica (fence-like enclosure evolved from the vedic villages), the harmika (a square platform with railings on top of the stupa), chattrayashti (the parasol or canopy) and a circumambulatory around the stupa. From the first century BCE onwards, stupas were incorporated into the hall of the chaitya-griha.

One such stupa is discovered at Sopara an ancient port near Mumbai and is supposed to be one of most ancient stupas in the world. The oldest known stupa is the Dhamek Stupa at Sanchi, India, while the tallest is the Phra Pathom Chedi in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, with a height of 127 metres. The most elaborate stupa is the 8th century Borobudur monument in Java, Indonesia. The upper rounded terrace with rows of bell shaped stupas contained buddha images symbolize Arupadhatu, the sphere of formlesness. The main stupa itself is empty, symbolizing complete perfection of enlightenment. The main stupa is only the crown part of the monument, while the base is pyramidal structure elaborate with galleries adorned with bas relief of scenes derived from Buddhist text depicted the life of Siddharta Gautama. Borobudur unique and significant architecture has been acknowledge by UNESCO as the largest buddhist monument in the world.

The stupa evolved into the pagoda as Buddhism spread to other Asian countries. The pagoda has varied forms that also include bellshaped and pyramidal ones. Today, in the Western context, there is no clear distinction between the stupa and the pagoda. But in general stupa is used for a Buddhist structure of India or south-east Asia, while pagoda refers to a building in east Asia which can be entered and which may be secular in purpose.

Fundamentally, a stupa is essentially made up of the following five constituent parts:

a square base
a hemispherical dome
a conical spire
a crescent moon
a circular disc

Each component is rich in metaphoric content. For example, "the shape of the stupa represents the Buddha, crowned and sitting in meditation posture on a lion throne. His crown is the top of the spire; his head is the square at the spire's base; his body is the vase shape; his legs are the four steps of the lower terrace; and the base is his throne." ^[2] The components of the stupa are also identified with the five elements — earth, water, fire, air, and space — held to constitute the fabric of manifest existence.

Regional names for stupa include:

Chaitya - Nepal
Candi - Indonesia and Malaysia
Chedi - Thailand
Chorten - Tibet and Bhutan
Dagoba/Chaitiya - Sri Lanka
Chedey - Cambodia
Sübürgen - Mongolia
Tap - Korea (塔/탑 lit: "tower")
Thart - Laos
Ta - China (塔 lit: "tower")
Tō - Japan (塔/とう lit: "tower")
Zedi (စေတီ) /Pahto (ပုထုိး) - Myanmar

[edit] Gallery

Rows of bell-shaped stupa at upper terrace of Borobudur, Indonesia.	Stupa at Samye Ling Monastery, Scotland	Colombo, Sri Lanka	Shwedagon in Yangon, Myanmar
That Louang in Vientiane, Laos	Chörten, Tibet	Stupa in Gangtok, Sikkim, India	The western side of the stupa at Kuruhinna in Gan Island, Haddhunmathi Atoll, Maldives
Jaulian Stupa in Bhuddist Monastery in Taxila,Pakistan	Dhammakaya stupa,Wat Phra Dhammakaya, Thailand	Stupa of King Norodom Suramarit in Phnom Penh, Cambodia	Swayambhunath Stupa in Kathmandu, Nepal
Mankiala Stupa near Rawalpindi, Pakistan	Stupas around Erdene Zuu monastery in Karakorum, Mongolia