Struma (ship)
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Struma was a ship chartered to carry Jewish refugees from officially Axis-allied Romania to British-controlled Palestine during World War II. On February 23, 1942, with its engine inoperable, the ship was towed from Istanbul through the Bosporus out to the Black Sea by Turkish authorities with its refugee passengers aboard, where it was left adrift. Within hours, it was torpedoed and sunk by the Soviet submarine SC 213 on February 24, killing 768 men, women and children, with only one survivor. This was amongst the largest maritime losses of civilian life during World War II.[1][2]
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[edit] History
Struma was commissioned by the Revisionist Zionist organizations in Romania, especially Betar, to carry Romanian Jews as illegal immigrants to Palestine. Apart from the crew, there were approximately 790 passengers consisting of many Betar members but mostly of wealthy Romanian Jews who could afford to pay the high price of a ticket. The voyage had the approval of the Ion Antonescu government (see Romania during World War II).[2]
Most of the passengers were not permitted to see the vessel before the day of the voyage, and when they finally saw it they were shocked to discover it was far worse than they had imagined. Sleeping quarters were extremely cramped without enough space to sit up, and there were only two lifeboats. They were not told that the engine was in even worse condition: it had been recovered from a wreck on the bottom of the Danube.
Several times, after the Struma set sail from Constanţa on the Black Sea on December 12, 1941, the engine gave out. After three days, it was towed to Istanbul where it remained at anchor while secret negotiations were conducted over the fate of the passengers. Winston Churchill's British government was determined to uphold its policy of refusing illegal immigrants entry to Palestine and urged the Turkish government of Refik Saydam to prevent the ship from sailing onwards, while Turkey refused to allow the passengers off the ship. After weeks of negotiation, the British agreed to honour the expired Palestinian visas possessed by a few passengers and these were allowed to continue overland. A few also managed to escape with the help of friends in high places, and one woman was admitted to an Istanbul hospital following a miscarriage.
On February 12, the British agreed that the children aged 11 to 16 on the ship would be given Palestinian visas, but then a dispute broke out over the means of their carriage to Palestine. The United Kingdom refused to send a ship, while Turkey refused to allow them overland.
[edit] Towing to sea and sinking
As negotiations over the ship's status were still in progress, and without notifying Britain in advance, Turkey towed the Struma back into the Black Sea and abandoned it there on February 23. As the ship was towed along the Bosporus, many passengers hung signs over the sides that read "SAVE US" in English and Hebrew, visible to those who lived on the banks of the strait. The engine would not start despite weeks of work that had been performed on it by Turkish engineers, and the ship drifted helplessly.
On February 24, there was a huge explosion and the ship sank. Only one person survived, a man named David Stoliar who was found clinging to the wreckage, by a rowboat sent out from one of the watchtowers maintained along the Turkish coast. Stoliar was imprisoned in Turkey for 6 weeks, then released and admitted to Palestine. Later, he moved to Japan and then the United States.
[edit] Aftermath
| “ | The Sc-23 submarine ... encountered on the morning of 24.2.1942 an unprotected enemy vessel Struma ... The ship was successfully torpedoed from a distance of [1,118 meters] and sunk ... Junior officers ... Unit Commander and non-commissioned officers ... and the Red Fleet sailor who fired the torpedo ... have shown courage. | ” |
For many years there were competing theories about the explosion that sank the Struma, but in 1964 it was discovered by a German historian that a torpedo from a Soviet submarine had been responsible. Later this was confirmed from several other Soviet sources. The submarine had been acting under secret orders to sink all neutral shipping entering the Black Sea in order to reduce the flow of strategic materials to Nazi Germany.
In July 2000, a Turkish diving team found a wreck on the sea floor at approximately the right place, and announced that they had discovered the Struma. A team led by UK technical diver and a grandson of one of the victims, Greg Buxton, later studied this and several other wrecks in the area but could not positively identify any as the Struma.[4]
On September 3, 2000, a ceremony was held at the site to commemorate the tragedy. It was attended by 60 relatives of Struma victims, representatives of the Jewish community of Turkey, the Israeli ambassador and prime minister's envoy, as well as British and American delegates. There were no delegates from the former Soviet Union.
[edit] See also
- Mefkure - a similar sinking which occurred August 5, 1944
- Voyage of the Damned
- Exodus 1947
- Patria disaster
[edit] References
- ^ Struma. Yad Vashem.
- ^ a b c D. Frantz, C. Collins, Death on the Black Sea: The Untold Story of the Struma and World War II's Holocaust at Sea, HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 0-06-621262-6.
- ^ Alexander Zvielli. "Soviet fire, cold hearts claimed 'Struma' passengers", Jerusalem Post, Aug 18, 2000.
- ^ The Struma Project. www.struma.org.
