Stochastic vacuum model
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In physics, the stochastic vacuum model is a nonpertubative, phenomenological approach to derive cross section in quantum chromodynamics.
It is deemed impossible, to calculate the vacuum averages of gauge-invariant quantities in QCD in a closed form, e.g. using the path integrals. But standard perturbation theory techniques don't work at distances, where the running coupling constant reaches 1.
The stochastic vacuum model is a method to get nonpertubative results by expressing the observables as sums over Wilson loops.