Stingaree
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For the 1934 film, see Stingaree (1934 film). For the 1915 film serial, see Stingaree (serial)
The Stingaree was a neighborhood of San Diego between the boom of the 1880s and the cleanup of 1916. The reason for the neighborhood's fame was its role as the home to the city's "undesirables", including prostitutes, pimps, drug dealers and gamblers. For similar reasons of societal exclusion, it was also the site of the city's first Chinatown [1] . Additionally, the neighborhood was home to many other lower-class citizens, and was in the center of a wider blue-collar residential area encompassing much of the city south of Broadway [2].
Though the name "Stingaree" refers primarily to the period before 1916, the neighborhood's character as a vice district lasted until its massive redevelopment in the 1980s.
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[edit] Area
The exact boundaries of the neighborhood are contested and likely changed throughout the years. The Health Department identified them as First and Fifth streets and Market and K streets [3].
[edit] Restricted District
Gambling and prostitution were illegal in California after 1855. However, law enforcement throughout America and especially in the West saw these vices as impossible to eradicate. Special "restricted" districts were created in many cities where the vices were allowed to be practiced in the open, provided that they were kept within the boundaries of the district and that there were no greater crimes involved. Illegal payments from the vice trade to the police were also typical components of these bargains[citation needed]. The Stingaree, like the more famous Barbary Coast in San Francisco, was one of these districts. [3]
[edit] Crime in the Stingaree
The neighborhood saw a concentration of drug peddlers, brothels and gambling halls. Many other establishments in the neighborhood participated in petty crime, like the Railroad Coffeehouse on Fifth and K that sold liquor after midnight under the title "Coffee Royal" (coffee and whisky) for 15¢. There were at least 120 openly illegal establishments in the district in 1888 [3].
[edit] Chinese Population
The southwest corner of the Stingaree (between Island, K, First and Third) was the site of the city's Chinatown from the 1880s until the 1930s. During this period, the Chinese in California were marginalized by sometimes violent anti-Chinese movements, as well as the passage of laws that made it a crime to hire Chinese laborers while there were non-Chinese willing to take the work [1]. This, together with a decline in Chinese fishing due to the fear of being blocked readmission into the country from the waters, led to the creation of a thoroughly impoverished and ghettoized population. Many Chinese fell prey to the neighborhood's opium dens and gambling houses.
[edit] Social Unrest
The Industrial Workers of the World found a ready audience with the Stingaree's marginalized working-class population. Their attempts to organize the residents were met with an 1912 ordinance banning street speaking. Furthermore, the city police were given special powers to break up demonstrations. What followed were years of demonstrations by the IWW, AFL, and other groups. These demonstrations were often violently suppressed by the police, turning the neighborhood into a scene of overt social conflict. [2].
[edit] City Action
Starting with the 1880s, there were many election-time promises to reform the Stingaree, most of which were not acted on. It was in 1912 that the Health Department took it upon itself to eradicate vice in the district. This action was against the recommendations by Keno Wilson, the San Diego police chief, who believed that this would simply spread prostitution into other parts of the city. It was, however, in line with a national Progressive movement that called for the closing of these districts [4]. By 1915 much of the Stingaree was burned with many prostitutes driven out of town. A large portion of the Chinatown was razed in the process as well. Between 1912 and 1916 over 120 structures were destroyed, transforming the image of the city and creating a large homeless population [3]. However, though the name of the district disappeared, extensive raids against prostitution took place as late as 1938, and significant massage parlor raids occurred in 1973. [4] Vice and poverty dominated the area until its redevelopment in the 1980s.
[edit] Gaslamp Quarter
The wild character of the neighborhood was only removed by modern-day redevelopment. Many of the neighborhood's residents -- and modern red-light uses -- were removed with eminent domain, tax increment financing and other strong-arm techniques. Interestingly, the redevelopment efforts hinged on turning the neighborhood into a 1880s-themed upscale shopping area. The new Gaslamp Quarter recreates a "gaslamp era" town that has few characteristics of its actual history as the Stingaree. The last vestiges of the neighborhood's red-light history have been overcome by historical recreationism. There is now a restaurant and bar called Stingaree at the corner of 6th and Island.
[edit] References
- ^ a b Elizabeth Perl (Spring, 1977). San Diego's Chinese Mission, The Journal of San Diego History: Spring 1977, 23:2.
- ^ a b Mike Davis, Kelly Mayhew, Jim Miller. Under the Perfect Sun. The New Press: New York, 2005
- ^ a b c d Elizabeth C. MacPhail (Spring, 1974). WHEN THE RED LIGHTS WENT OUT IN SAN DIEGO, The Little Known Story of San Diego's 'Restricted' District, The Journal of San Diego History: Spring 1974, 20:2.
- ^ a b Clare V. McKanna, Jr. Prostitutes, Progressives, and Police: The Viability of Vice in San Diego 1900-1930. The Journal of San Diego History, Winter 1989, 35:1.
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