Stavudine
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Stavudine
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 1-[5-(hydroxymethyl)- 2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl] -5-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | J05 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C10H12N2O4 |
| Mol. mass | 224.213 g/mol |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Protein binding | Negligible |
| Metabolism | Renal elimination (ca.40%) |
| Half life | 0.8-1.5 hours (in adults) |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | ? |
Stavudine (2'-3'-didehydro-2'-3'-dideoxythymidine, d4T, brand name Zerit) is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI) active against HIV.
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[edit] History
d4T was first described at the Rega Institute for Medical Research in Belgium. Stavudine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in Jun 24, 1994 for adults and in Sep 6, 1996 for pediatric use and again as an extended-release version for once-a-day dosing in 2001. The fourth antiretroviral drug on the market, its patent will expire in the United States on 2008-06-25.
[edit] Mechanism of action
Stavudine is an analog of thymidine. It is phosphorylated by cellular kinases into active triphosphate. Stavudine triphosphate inhibits the HIV reverse transcriptase by competing with natural substrate, thymidine triphosphate. It also causes termination of DNA synthesis by incorporating into it.
Simultaneous use of AZT is not recommended, as it can inhibit the intracellular phosphorylation of stavudine. Other anti-HIV drugs do not possess this property.
[edit] Pharmacokinetics
The oral absorption rate of stavudine is over 80%. Approximately half of stavudine is actively secreted unchanged into the urine and the other half is eliminated through endogenic pathways.
[edit] Adverse events
The main severe adverse effect is peripheral neuropathy, which can be corrected by reducing dosage. Stavudine has been shown in laboratory test to be genotoxic, but with clinical doses its carcinogenic effects are non-existent. It is also one of the most likely antiviral drugs to cause lipodystrophy, and for this reason it is no longer considered an appropriate treatment for most patients in developed countries.
It is still used as first choice in first line therapy in resource poor settings such as in India. Only in case of development of peripheral neuropathy or pregnancy is it changed to the next choice - Zidovudine.
[edit] References
- De Clercq E., Perspectives for the chemotherapy of AIDS, Chemioterapia. 1988 Dec;7(6):357-64.
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