Square-cube law

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The square-cube law is a principle, drawn from the mathematics of proportion, that is applied in engineering and biomechanics. It was first demonstrated in 1638 in Galileo's Two New Sciences. It states:

When an object undergoes a proportional increase in size, its new volume is proportional to the cube of the multiplier and its new surface area is proportional to the square of the multiplier.

$v_2=v_1\left(\frac{\ell_2}{\ell_1}\right)^3$

where $v 1$ is the original volume, $v 2$ is the new volume, $\ell_1$ is the original length and $\ell_2$ is the new length. Note that it doesn't matter which length is used.

$A_2=A_1\left(\frac{\ell_2}{\ell_1}\right)^2$

where $A 1$ is the original surface area and $A 2$ is the new surface area.

For example, a cube with a side length of 1 meter has a surface area of 6 m² and a volume of 1 m³. If its side length were doubled, its surface area would be increased to 24 m² and its volume would be increased to 8 m³. This principle applies to all solids.

1 Applications
- 1.1 Engineering
- 1.2 Biomechanics
2 See also
3 References

[edit] Applications

[edit] Engineering

When a physical object maintains the same density and is scaled up, its mass is increased by the cube of the multiplier while its surface area only increases by the square of said multiplier. This would mean that when the larger version of the object is accelerated at the same rate as the original, more pressure would be exerted on the surface of the larger object.

Let us consider a simple example of a body of Mass=M, having an acceleration=a and surface area=A of the surface upon which the accelerating force is acting.

The force due to acceleration, F= M*a and the thrust pressure, T = F/A = M*a/A

Now, let us consider the object be exaggerated by a multiplier factor = x so that it has a new mass, M' = x³*M, and the surface upon which the force is acting has a new surface area, A' = x²*A.

The New force due to acceleration F' = x³*M*a and the

   resulting thrust pressure, T' = F'/A'
                                 = x³*M*a/(x²*A
                                 = x*(M*a/A)
                                 = x*T

Thus, just scaling up the size of an object, keeping the same material of construction (density), and same acceleration, would increase the thrust by the same scaling factor. This would indicate that the object would have less ability to resist stress and would be more prone to collapse while accelerating.

This is why large vehicles perform poorly in crash tests and why there are limits to how high buildings could be built. Similarly, the larger an object is, the less other objects would resist its motion, causing its deceleration.

[edit] Biomechanics

If an animal were scaled up by a considerable amount, its muscular strength would be severely reduced since the cross section of its muscles would increase by the square of the scaling factor while their mass would increase by the cube of the scaling factor. As a result of this, cardiovascular functions would be severely limited. In the case of flying animals, their wing loading would be increased if they were scaled up, and they would therefore have to fly faster to gain the same amount of lift. This would be difficult considering that muscular strength was reduced. This also explains how a bumblebee can have a large body relative to its wings, which would not be possible for a larger flying animal. Air resistance per unit mass is also higher for smaller animals, which is why a small animal like an ant cannot die by falling from any height, but a tank could no more survive a fall from a height of one mile than an elephant could.

Because of this, the giant insects, spiders and other animals seen in horror movies are unrealistic, as their sheer size would force them to collapse. The exceptions are giant aquatic animals, as water can support such enlarged creatures.