Spiro Agnew

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Spiro Theodore Agnew
39th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	Hubert Humphrey
Succeeded by	Gerald Ford
55th Governor of Maryland
In office January 25, 1967 – January 7, 1969
Preceded by	J. Millard Tawes
Succeeded by	Marvin Mandel
3rd Baltimore County Executive
In office 1962 – 1966
Preceded by	Christian H. Kahl
Succeeded by	Dale Anderson
Born	November 9, 1918(1918-11-09) Baltimore, Maryland
Died	September 17, 1996 (aged 77) Berlin, Maryland
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Judy Agnew
Alma mater	University of Baltimore School of Law
Religion	Episcoplian

Spiro Theodore Agnew (November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first Greek American to serve in that capacity) serving under President Richard M. Nixon, and the 55th Governor of Maryland. He is noted for his quick rise in politics - going in six years from County Executive to Vice President of the United States.

During his fifth year as Vice President, in the late summer of 1973, Agnew was under investigation by the U.S. Attorney’s office in Baltimore, Maryland, on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. In October, he was formally charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000, while holding office as Baltimore County Executive, governor of Maryland, and Vice President of the United States. On October 10, Agnew was allowed to plead no contest to a single charge that he had failed to report $29,500 of income received in 1967, with the condition that he resign the office of Vice President.

Agnew was the first Vice President in U.S. history to resign because of criminal charges. Ten years after leaving office, in January 1983, Agnew paid the state of Maryland nearly $270,000 as a result of a civil suit that stemmed from the bribery allegations.

[edit] Early life

Spiro Agnew was born in the State of Maryland to Theodore Spiros Agnew (a Greek immigrant who shortened his name from Anagnostopoulos when he moved to the USA^[1][2]) and Margaret Akers, a native of Virginia.

Agnew attended Forest Park Senior High School in Baltimore, before enrolling in the Johns Hopkins University in 1937. He studied chemistry at Hopkins for three years, before joining the U.S. Army and serving in Europe during World War II. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for his service in France and Germany.

Before leaving for Europe, Agnew worked at an insurance company where he met Elinor Judefind, known as Judy. Agnew married her on May 27, 1942. They eventually had four children: Pamela, James Rand, Susan, and Kimberly.

Upon his return from the war, Agnew transferred to the evening program at the University of Baltimore School of Law. He studied law at night, while working as a grocer and as an insurance salesman. In 1947, Agnew received his LL.B. (later amended to Juris Doctor) and moved to the suburbs to begin practicing law. He passed the Maryland bar exam in 1949.

[edit] Early political career

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Agnew, raised as a Democrat, switched parties and became a Republican. During the 1950s, he aided U.S. Congressman James Devereux in four successive winning election bids. He entered politics himself in 1957, upon his appointment to the Baltimore County Board of Zoning Appeals by Democratic Baltimore County Executive Michael J. Birmingham. In 1960, he made his first elective run for office as a candidate for Judge of the Circuit Court, finishing last in a five-person contest. The following year, the new Democratic Baltimore County Executive, Christian H. Kahl, dropped him from the Zoning Board, with Agnew loudly protesting, thereby gaining name recognition.

In 1962 Agnew ran for election as Baltimore County Executive, seeking office in a predominantly Democratic county that had seen no Republican elected to that position in the twentieth century, with only one (Roger B. Hayden) earning victory after he left. Running as a reformer and Republican outsider, he took advantage of a bitter split in the Democratic Party and was elected. Agnew backed and signed an ordinance outlawing discrimination in some public accommodations, among the first laws of this kind in the United States.

[edit] Governor of Maryland

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Agnew ran for the position of Governor of Maryland in 1966. In this overwhelmingly Democratic state, he was elected after the Democratic nominee, George P. Mahoney, a Baltimore paving contractor and perennial candidate running on an anti-integration platform, narrowly won the Democratic gubernatorial primary out of a crowded slate of eight candidates, trumping early favorite Carlton R. Sickles. Coming on the heels of the recently-passed federal Fair Housing Act of 1965, Mahoney's campaign embraced the slogan "your home is your castle". Many Democrats opposed to segregation then crossed party lines to give Agnew the governorship by 82,000 votes.

As governor, Agnew worked with the Democratic legislature to pass tax and judicial reforms, as well as tough anti-pollution laws. Projecting an image of racial moderation, Agnew signed the state's first open-housing laws and succeeded in getting the repeal of an anti-miscegenation law. However, during the riots that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in the Spring of 1968, Agnew angered many African-American leaders by lecturing them about their constituents in stating, "I call on you to publicly repudiate all black racists. This, so far, you have been unwilling to do."

[edit] Vice Presidency

Spiro Agnew is sworn in as vice-president in 1969. From left to right: Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Everett Dirksen, Spiro Agnew (with hand raised), Hubert Humphrey.

Agnew's moderate image, immigrant background and success in a traditionally Democratic state made him an attractive running mate for Nixon in 1968. In line with what would later be called Nixon's "Southern Strategy," Agnew was selected as a candidate for being sufficiently from the South to attract Southern moderate voters, yet not as identified with the Deep South, which could have turned off Northern centrists come election time.

His vice presidency was the highest-ranking United States political office ever reached by either a Greek-American citizen or a Marylander. Agnew's nomination was supported by many conservatives within the Republican Party and by Nixon. But a small band of delegates started shouting "Spiro Who?" and tried to place George W. Romney's name in nomination. Nixon's wishes prevailed, and Agnew went from his first election as County Executive to Vice President in six years — one of the fastest rises in U.S. political history.

Agnew was a protégé of Nelson Rockefeller, then governor of New York State and a head of the moderate wing of the Republican Party. Rockefeller was Nixon's chief opponent during the 1968 primary season. Going into the 1968 GOP convention, neither Nixon nor Rockefeller had enough votes to clinch the nomination, but Nixon had nearly enough. He invited Rockefeller to his hotel room and proposed that Rockefeller throw his support to Nixon in exchange for naming the Vice Presidential nominee. The only condition was that Rockefeller could not name himself. Rockefeller named Agnew.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Alliteration

Agnew was known for his tough criticisms of political opponents, especially journalists and anti-Vietnam War activists. He was known for attacking his opponents with unusual, often alliterative epithets, some of which were coined by White House speech-writers William Safire and Pat Buchanan, including "nattering nabobs of negativism" (written by Safire), "pusillanimous pussyfooters", and "hopeless, hysterical hypochondriacs of history".^[3] He once characterized a group of opponents as "an effete corps of impudent snobs who characterize themselves as intellectuals."

In short, Agnew was Nixon's "hatchet man" when defending the administration on the Vietnam War.^[4] Agnew was chosen to make several powerful speeches in which he spoke out against anti-war protesters and media portrayal of the Vietnam War, labeling them "Franco Un-American". Agnew toned down his rhetoric and dropped most of the alliterations after the 1972 election, with a view to running for president himself in 1976.

Spiro Agnew congratulates launch control after launch of Apollo 17 in 1972.

[edit] Potential forced resignation from the vice-presidency

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By mid-1971, Nixon concluded that Spiro Agnew was not "broad-gauged" enough for the vice-presidency. He constructed a scenario by which Agnew would resign, enabling Nixon to appoint Treasury Secretary John Connally as vice president under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment. By appealing to southern Democrats, Connally would help Nixon create a political realignment, perhaps even replacing the Republican party with a new party that could unite all conservatives. Nixon rejoiced at news that Spiro, feeling sorry for himself, had talked about resigning to accept a lucrative offer in the private sector. Yet while Nixon excelled in daring, unexpected moves, he encountered some major obstacles to implementing this scheme.

John Connally was a Democrat, and his selection might offend both parties in the U.S. Congress, which under the Twenty-fifth Amendment had to ratify the appointment of a new vice president. Even more problematic, Connally did not want the office of the vice presidency. He considered it a "useless" job, and felt he could be more effective as a cabinet member. Nixon responded that the relationship between the president and vice president depended entirely on the personalities of whoever held those positions, and he promised Connally they would make it a more meaningful job than ever in its history, even to the point of being "an alternate President." But Connally declined, never believing that the post was a good stepping stone to the presidency. It was, however, for Gerald Ford when Nixon was later forced to resign during the Watergate scandal.

Nixon concluded that he would not only have to keep Agnew on the ticket, but must publicly demonstrate his confidence in the vice president. He recalled that Dwight D. Eisenhower had tried to drop Nixon himself in 1956 and believed the move had only made Ike look bad. Nixon viewed Agnew as a general liability, but backing him could mute criticism from "the extreme right." Attorney General John N. Mitchell, who was to head the reelection campaign, argued that Agnew had become "almost a folk hero" in the South, and warned that party workers might see his removal as a breach of loyalty. As it turned out, Nixon won re-election in 1972 by a margin wide enough to make his vice-presidential running mate irrelevant.

[edit] Presidential aspirations

Immediately after his reelection, however, Nixon made it clear that Agnew should not become his eventual successor. The president had no desire to slip into lame-duck status by allowing Agnew to seize attention as the front-runner in the next election.

Nixon considered placing the vice president in charge of the American Revolution Bicentennial, as a way of sidetracking him. But Agnew declined the post, arguing that the Bicentennial was "a loser." Because everyone would have a different idea about how to celebrate the Bicentennial, its director would have to disappoint too many people. "A potential presidential candidate," Agnew insisted, "doesn't want to make any enemies."^{[citation needed]}

After the 1972 landslide Agnew was seen as Nixon's natural successor in the 1976 Presidential Election. With the strong support of the party's conservative wing, he had planned to decide on running only after the 1974 midterm elections. He had also hoped to build on his foreign policy credentials by visiting the Soviet Union. Early in 1973, polls showed that Agnew was far in front as the leading candidate for the 1976 nomination, while California governor Ronald Reagan was a distant second.

However, his reputation was damaged when allegations of bribery broke out (see Resignation below). Nixon was also not supportive of Agnew during this turbulent period, and in April 1973 Agnew's staff was cut back and duties trimmed. He resigned on October 10, 1973.

As fate would have it, Nixon was forced from office, but Agnew's earlier resignation and criminal charges ruined any hopes of ascending to the presidency. The two men never spoke to each other again. As a gesture of reconciliation, Nixon's daughters invited Agnew to attend Nixon's funeral in 1994, and he complied. In 1996, when Agnew died, Nixon's daughters returned the favor and attended Agnew's funeral.

[edit] Resignation

On October 10, 1973, Spiro Agnew became the second Vice President to resign the office. Unlike John C. Calhoun, who resigned to take a seat in the Senate, Agnew resigned and then pleaded nolo contendere (no contest) to criminal charges of tax evasion and money laundering, part of a negotiated resolution to a scheme wherein he accepted $29,500 in bribes during his tenure as governor of Maryland. The bribes were paid to Agnew by some members of the construction industry to get their projects approved. When Agnew moved from Annapolis, Maryland to Washington, D.C., he continued to demand payments. Angered, the construction men turned government's witnesses. Agnew was fined $10,000 and put on three years' probation. The $10,000 fine only covered the taxes and interest due on what was "unreported income" from 1967. The plea bargain was later mocked as the "greatest deal since the Lord spared Isaac on the mountaintop", by former Maryland Attorney General Stephen Sachs. Students of Professor John Banzhaf from The George Washington University Law School, collectively known as Banzhaf's Bandits, found four residents of the state of Maryland willing to put their names on a case and sought to have Agnew repay the state $268,482 - the amount he was known to have taken in bribes. After two appeals by Agnew, he finally resigned himself to the matter and a check for $268,482 was turned over to Maryland state Treasurer William James in early 1983.

As a result of his nolo contendere plea, Agnew was later disbarred by the State of Maryland. Like most jurisdictions, Maryland lawyers are automatically disbarred after being convicted of a felony, and a nolo contendere plea exposes the defendant to the same penalties as a guilty plea.

His resignation triggered the first use of the 25th Amendment, as the vacancy prompted the appointment and confirmation of Gerald Ford, the House Minority Leader, as his successor. It remains one of only two times that the amendment has been employed to fill a Vice Presidential vacancy. The second time was when Ford, after becoming President upon Nixon's resignation, chose Nelson Rockefeller (originally Agnew's mentor in the moderate wing of the Republican Party) to succeed him as Vice President.

[edit] Later life

After leaving politics, Agnew became an international trade executive with homes in Rancho Mirage, California; Arnold, Maryland; Bowie, Maryland; and Ocean City, Maryland. In 1976, he briefly re-entered the public spotlight and engendered controversy with anti-Zionist statements that called for the United States to withdraw its support for the state of Israel, because of Israel's bad treatment of Christians, as well as what Gerald Ford publicly criticized as "unsavory remarks about Jews"^[5][6][7][8]

In 1980, Agnew published a memoir in which he implied that Nixon and Alexander Haig had planned to assassinate him if he refused to resign the Vice-Presidency, and that Haig told him "to go quietly… or else."^[9] Also in 1980, he considered, then decided against, running for Congress from Maryland. (ref. ABC News) Agnew also wrote a novel, The Canfield Decision,^[10] about a vice president who was "destroyed by his own ambition." Nixon reportedly made negative comments about Agnew. When John Ehrlichmann, the President's counsel and assistant, asked him why he kept Agnew on the ticket in the 1972 election, Nixon replied that “No assassin in his right mind would kill me."^[11]

Agnew died suddenly on September 17, 1996, at the age of 77 at Atlantic General Hospital, in Berlin, Maryland in Worcester County (near his Ocean City home), only a few hours after being hospitalized and diagnosed with an advanced, yet to that point undetected, form of leukemia.^[4] He is buried at Dulaney Valley Memorial Gardens, a cemetery in Timonium, Maryland in Baltimore County.

[edit] Popular culture

• Headless body of Agnew appears in Futurama, as a thug of the head of Richard Nixon.

• In Angel, Spiro Agnew is described as a Grathnar Demon. Angel thought he was the only one who knew.

• In the song, "Titties & Beer" by Frank Zappa from his Zappa in New York album, Agnew and Richard Nixon are mentioned in an on-stage dialogue between Zappa and the Devil (played by drummer Terry Bozzio). In the dialogue, Zappa is willing to sign a contract with the devil to reclaim the subjects of the song's title, and the Devil exclaims to Zappa: "I've had Milhous Nixon and Agnew too / and both those suckers was worse than you!"

• In the episode "Mother Simpson" of The Simpsons, a Spiro Agnew alarm clock appears.

• In the episode "Team Homer" of The Simpsons, while reading a MAD Magazine Milhouse says "Boy! They're really sockin' it to that Spiro Agnew guy again, he must work there or something."

• Humorist Dave Barry has mentioned that one can rearrange the letters in "Spiro Agnew" to spell "Grow A Penis."

• Several references are made to Agnew throughout the book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson.

• The song "Boom" by the Bloodhound Gang features the line "You're Spiro Agnew and I'm the Dick you answer to."

• In the episode "Acceptable Losses" of Tour of Duty, Sergeant Taylor mentions he would like to know Spiro Agnew's real name before he dies.

[edit] Electoral history

Baltimore County Executive, 1962^[12]

• Spiro Agnew (R) - elected unopposed

Governor of Maryland, 1966^[13]

• Spiro Agnew (R) - 455,318 (49.50%)
• George P. Mahoney (D) - 373,543 (40.61%)
• Hyman A. Pressman (I) - 90,899 (9.88%)

1968 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)^[14]

• Spiro Agnew - 1,119 (83.95%)
• George Romney - 186 (13.95%)
• Abstaining - 16 (1.20%)
• John V. Lindsay - 10 (0.75%)
• Edward Brooke - 1 (0.08%)
• James A. Rhodes - 1 (0.08%)

United States presidential election, 1968

• Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew (R) - 31,783,783 (43.4%) and 301 electoral votes (32 states carried)
• Hubert Humphrey/Edmund Muskie (D) - 31,271,839 (42.7%) and 191 electoral votes (13 states and D.C. carried)
• George Wallace/Curtis LeMay (American Independent) - 9,901,118 (13.5%) and 46 electoral votes (5 states carried)

1972 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)^[15]

• Spiro Agnew (inc.) - 1,345 (99.78%)
• Abstaining - 2 (0.15%)
• David Brinkley - 1 (0.07%)

United States presidential election, 1972

• Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew (R) (inc.) - 47,168,710 (60.7%) and 520 electoral votes (49 states carried)
• George McGovern/Sargent Shriver (D) - 29,173,222 (37.5) and 17 electoral votes (1 state and D.C. carried)
• John Hospers/Theodora Nathan (Libertarian) - 3,674 (0.00%) and 1 electoral vote (Republican faithless elector)
• John G. Schmitz/Thomas J. Anderson (AI) - 1,100,868 (1.4%) and 0 electoral votes
• Linda Jenness/Andrew Pulley (Socialist Workers) - 83,380 (0.1%)
• Benjamin Spock/Julius Hobson (People's) - 78,759 (0.1%)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Spiro Agnew

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Spiro Agnew

• Spiro Agnew at Find A Grave
• Spiro Agnew biography on U.S. Senate website
• The 30th Anniversary of Agnew's Resignation As Vice President (University of Maryland)
• Papers of Spiro T. Agnew at the University of Maryland Libraries
• The Archives of Maryland collection of speeches, messages and other public papers during Agnews governorship 1967-69

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