Sphaerus
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Sphaerus (Greek: Σφαῖρος), of Borysthenes[1] or the Bosphorus,[2] was a Stoic philosopher, lived c. 285-c. 210 BC.
He studied first under Zeno of Citium, and afterwards under Cleanthes. He taught in Sparta, where he acted as advisor to Cleomenes III.[1] He moved to Alexandria at some point, (possibly when Cleomenes himself was exiled there in 222 BC) where he lived in the court of Ptolemy IV Philopator. Sphaerus had a considerable reputation among the Stoics for the accuracy of his definitions.[3]
Diogenes Laërtius[2] and Athenaeus[4] tell a story of how he once saved himself from admitting that he had been deceived by a trick played upon him by King Ptolemy:
And once, when there was a discussion concerning the question whether a wise man would allow himself to be guided by opinion, and when Sphaerus affirmed that he would not, the king, wishing to refute him, ordered some pomegranates of wax to be set before him; and when Sphaerus was deceived by them, the king shouted that he had given his assent to a false perception. But Sphaerus answered very neatly, that he had not given his assent to the fact that they were pomegranates, but to the fact that it was probable that they might be pomegranates. And that a perception which could be comprehended differed from one that was only probable.[2]
According to Diogenes Laërtius, Sphaerus wrote the following works:[2]
- Περὶ κόσμου δύο - On the Universe (two books)
- Περὶ στοιχείων - On the Elements
- [Περὶ] σπέρματος - [On] Seed
- Περὶ τύχης - On Fortune
- Περὶ ἐλαχίστων - On the Smallest Things
- Πρὸς τὰς ἀτόμους καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα - On Atoms and Images
- Περὶ αἰσθητηρίων - On the Senses
- Περὶ Ἡρακλείτου πέντε διατριβῶν - On Conversations about Heraclitus (five books)
- Περὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς διατάξεως - On Ethical Arrangement
- Περὶ καθήκοντος - On Duty
- Περὶ ὁρμῆς - On Appetite
- Περὶ παθῶν δύο - On Passions (two books)
- Περὶ βασιλείας - On Kingly Power
- Περὶ Λακωνικῆς πολιτείας - On the Lacedaemonian Constitution
- Περὶ Λυκούργου καὶ Σωκράτους τρία - On Lycurgus and Socrates (three books)
- Περὶ νόμου - On Law
- Περὶ μαντικῆς - On Divination
- Διαλόγους ἐρωτικούς - Dialogues on Love
- Περὶ τῶν Ἐρετριακῶν φιλοσόφων - On the Eretrian Philosophers
- Περὶ ὁμοίων - On Things Similar
- Περὶ ὅρων - On Terms
- Περὶ ἕξεως - On Habits
- Περὶ τῶν ἀντιλεγομένων τρία - On Contradictions (three books)
- Περὶ λόγου - On Reason
- Περὶ πλούτου - On Wealth
- Περὶ δόξης - On Glory
- Περὶ θανάτου - On Death
- Τέχνης διαλεκτικῆς δύο - Art of Dialectics (two books)
- Περὶ κατηγορημάτων - On Categories
- Περὶ ἀμφιβολιῶν - On Ambiguity
- Ἐπιστολάς - Letters
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b Plutarch, Cleomenes.
- ^ a b c d Diogenes Laërtius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, vii.
- ^ Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, iv. 24.
- ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophists Book VIII.
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