Special Esperanto adverbs
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A limited number of Esperanto adverbs do not end with the regular adverbial ending (-e). Many of these function as more than just adverbs, such as hodiaŭ "today" [noun or adverb] and ankoraŭ "yet, still" [conjunction or adverb]. Others are part of the correlative system, and have not been repeated here.
It should be mentioned that the class of 'adverb' is not well defined in any language, and that it is sometimes difficult to say whether a word is an adverb or not. The -e suffix is restricted in Esperanto for cases that are clearly adverbial.
[edit] Adverbial roots ending in the undefined pseudo-suffix -aŭ
The pseudo-suffix -aŭ is not part of the root, and in theory may be replaced by other grammatical suffixes, or simply dropped, but in practice this does not occur outside poetry. Not all Esperanto words ending in -aŭ have adverbial uses; an example is the preposition anstataŭ 'instead of', which can only be used adverbially in the derived form anstataŭe (rarely anstate).
| Esperanto | English | notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ambaŭ | both | adjective and adverb | |
| ankoraŭ | still, yet | conjunction and adverb | |
| apenaŭ | barely | ||
| baldaŭ | soon | ||
| hodiaŭ | today | noun and adverb | |
| hieraŭ | yesterday | noun and adverb | |
| kvazaŭ | as if | conjunction and adverb | |
| morgaŭ | tomorrow | noun and adverb | |
| preskaŭ | almost |
[edit] Bare root adverbs
Some of these may be argued to be grammatical particles and not true adverbs, in which case clear adverbs may be derived by adding the ending -e.
| Esperanto | English | notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| for | away | cf. the derived adverb fore | |
| jam | already, yet | ||
| ĵus | just now | ||
| nun | now | noun and adverb | |
| nur | only | ||
| plej | most | cf. the derived adverb pleje | |
| pli | more | pronoun and adverb; cf. the derived adverb plie | |
| plu | beyond, further | cf. the derived adverb plue | |
| tre | very | ||
| tro | overly, too much | cf. the derived adverb troe | |
| tuj | at once, immediately |
