Spanish conjugation
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This is a paradigm of Spanish verbs, that is, a set of conjugation tables, for the model regular verbs and for some of the most common irregular verbs (see the article on Spanish irregular verbs for common patterns of irregularity that may help understanding this paradigm).
The tables include only the simple tenses. Perfective and continuous forms can be easily put together by using the appropriate tense of estar + gerund or haber + past participle.
The pronouns yo, tú/vos, él, nosotros, vosotros and ellos are used to symbolise the three persons and two numbers. Note, however, that Spanish is a pro-drop language and so it is the norm to omit subject pronouns when not needed for contrast or emphasis. Note also that the subject, if specified, can easily be something other than these pronouns. For example, instead of él, we can have ella, usted, impersonal se, or a noun phrase. Instead of nosotros, we can have nosotras, tú y yo, él y yo etc., or a noun phrase that includes the speaker. The same comments hold for vosotros and ellos.
Following the convention in Latin studies, we cite the 4 principal parts from which these Spanish words derive.
Contents |
[edit] Regular -ar verbs (amar, to love)
From the Latin: amo, amare, amavi, amatus — "to love".
| Non-finite (Formas no personales) | (masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl.) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive (Infinitivo) | amar | |||||
| Gerund (Gerundio) | amando | |||||
| Past participle (Participio) | amado (amado, amada, amados, amadas) | |||||
| Indicative (Indicativo) | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present (Presente) | amo | amas / amás | ama | amamos | amáis | aman |
| Imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto or copretérito) | amaba | amabas | amaba | amábamos | amabais | amaban |
| Preterite (Pretérito perfecto simple or Pretérito) | amé | amaste (1) | amó | amamos | amasteis | amaron |
| Future (Futuro simple o Futuro) | amaré | amarás | amará | amaremos | amaréis | amarán |
| Conditional (Condicional simple or Pospretérito) | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| amaría | amarías | amaría | amaríamos | amaríais | amarían | |
| Subjunctive (Subjuntivo) | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present (Presente) | ame | ames / amés (3) | ame | amemos | améis | amen |
| Imperfect 1 (Pretérito imperfecto or Pretérito) | amara | amaras | amara | amáramos | amarais | amaran |
| Imperfect 2 | amase | amases | amase | amásemos | amaseis | amasen |
| Future (Futuro simple or Futuro) | amare | amares | amare | amáremos | amareis | amaren |
| Imperative (Imperativo) | tú / vos | usted | nosotros | vosotros | ustedes | |
| affirmative | ama / amá | ame | amemos | amad (2) | amen | |
| negative | no ames / no amés (3) | no ame | no amemos | no améis | no amen | |
- (1) The form amastes is not normative, but it's very widespread in colloquial speech. It is furthermore the pure conjugation of vos.
- (2) The form amar (instead of amad) is not normative, but it's the one used in real-life speech. The corresponding pronominal form is amaos formally, plus the not normative amaros or regionally amarse.
- (3) In Rioplatense, ames and amés exist side by side, and forms such as vos ames is widespread and normative. In other areas where voseo exists, the conjugation amés is used with vos.
[edit] Regular -er verbs (temer, to fear it)
From the Latin: timeo, timere, timui, timitus — "to fear".
| Non-finite | (masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl.) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | temer | |||||
| Gerund | temiendo | |||||
| Past participle | temido (temido, temida, temidos, temidas) | |||||
| Indicative | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | temo | temes / temés | teme | tememos | teméis / temen | temen |
| Imperfect | temía | temías | temía | temíamos | temíais /temían | temían |
| Preterite | temí | temiste (1) | temió | temimos | temisteis / temieron | temieron |
| Future | temeré | temerás | temerá | temeremos | temeréis / temerán | temerán |
| Conditional | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| temería | temerías | temería | temeríamos | temeríais / temerían | temerían | |
| Subjunctive | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | tema | temas / temás (3) | tema | temamos | temáis / teman | teman |
| Imperfect 1 | temiera | temieras | temiera | temiéramos | temierais / temieran | temieran |
| Imperfect 2 | temiese | temieses | temiese | temiésemos | temieseis / temiesen | temiesen |
| Future | temiere | temieres | temiere | temiéremos | temiereis | temieren |
| Imperative | tú / vos | usted | nosotros | vosotros | ustedes | |
| affirmative | teme / temé | tema | temamos | temed (2) | teman | |
| negative | no temas / no temás (3) | no tema | no temamos | no temáis | no teman | |
- (1) The form temistes is not normative, but it's very widespread in colloquial speech. It is furthermore the pure conjugation of vos.
- (2) The form temer (instead of temed) is not normative, but it's the one used in real-life speech. The corresponding pronominal form is temeos formally, plus the not normative temeros or regionally temerse.
- (3) In Rioplatense, temas and temás exist side by side, and forms such as vos temas is widespread and normative. In other areas where voseo exists, the conjugation temás is used with vos.
[edit] Regular -ir verbs (partir, to split/depart)
From the Latin: partio, partire, partivi, partitus — "to split/share".
| Non-finite | (masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl.) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | partir | |||||
| Gerund | partiendo | |||||
| Past participle | partido (partido, partida, partidos, partidas) | |||||
| Indicative | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | parto | partes / partís | parte | partimos | partís | parten |
| Imperfect | partía | partías | partía | partíamos | partíais | partían |
| Preterite | partí | partiste (1) | partió | partimos | partisteis | partieron |
| Future | partiré | partirás | partirá | partiremos | partiréis | partirán |
| Conditional | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| partiría | partirías | partiría | partiríamos | partiríais | partirían | |
| Subjunctive | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | parta | partas / partás (3) | parta | partamos | partáis | partan |
| Imperfect 1 | partiera | partieras | partiera | partiéramos | partierais | partieran |
| Imperfect 2 | partiese | partieses | partiese | partiésemos | partieseis | partiesen |
| Future | partiere | partieres | partiere | partiéremos | partiereis | partieren |
| Imperative | tú / vos | usted | nosotros | vosotros | ustedes | |
| affirmative | parte / partí | parta | partamos | partid (2) | partan | |
| negative | no partas / no partás (3) | no parta | no partamos | no partáis | no partan | |
- (1) The form partistes is not normative, but it's very widespread in colloquial speech. It is furthermore the pure conjugation of vos
- (2) The form partir (instead of partid) is not normative, but it's the one used in real-life speech. The corresponding pronominal form is partíos formally, plus the not normative partiros or regionally partirse.
- (3) In Rioplatense, partas and partás exist side by side, and forms such as vos partas is widespread and normative. In other areas where voseo exists, the conjugation partás is used with vos.
[edit] ser, to be
From the Latin: sum, esse, fui, futurus — "to be".
| Non-finite | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | ser | |||||
| Gerund | siendo | |||||
| Past participle | sido | |||||
| Indicative | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | soy | eres / sos | es | somos | sois | son |
| Imperfect | era | eras | era | éramos | erais | eran |
| Preterite | fui | fuiste (1) | fue | fuimos | fuisteis | fueron |
| Future | seré | serás | será | seremos | seréis | serán |
| Conditional | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| sería | serías | sería | seríamos | seríais | serían | |
| Subjunctive | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | sea | seas / seás (3) | sea | seamos | seáis | sean |
| Imperfect 1 | fuera | fueras | fuera | fuéramos | fuerais | fueran |
| Imperfect 2 | fuese | fueses | fuese | fuésemos | fueseis | fuesen |
| Future | fuere | fueres | fuere | fuéremos | fuereis | fueren |
| Imperative | tú / vos | usted | nosotros | vosotros | ustedes | |
| affirmative | sé | sea | seamos | sed (2) | sean | |
| negative | no seas / no seás (3) | no sea | no seamos | no seáis | no sean | |
- (1) The form fuistes is not normative, but it's very widespread in colloquial speech. It is furthermore the pure conjugation of vos
- (2) The form ser (instead of sed) is not normative, but it's the one used in real-life speech.
- (3) In Rioplatense, seas and seás exist side by side, and forms such as vos seas is widespread and normative. In other areas where voseo exists, the conjugation seás is used with vos.
[edit] estar, to be
From the Latin: sto, stare, steti, status — "to stand".
| Non-finite | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | estar | |||||
| Gerund | estando | |||||
| Past participle | estado | |||||
| Indicative | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | estoy | estás | está | estamos | estáis | están |
| Imperfect | estaba | estabas | estaba | estábamos | estabais | estaban |
| Preterite | estuve | estuviste (1) | estuvo | estuvimos | estuvisteis | estuvieron |
| Future | estaré | estarás | estará | estaremos | estaréis | estarán |
| Conditional | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| estaría | estarías | estaría | estaríamos | estaríais | estarían | |
| Subjunctive | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | esté | estés | esté | estemos | estéis | estén |
| Imperfect 1 | estuviera | estuvieras | estuviera | estuviéramos | estuvierais | estuvieran |
| Imperfect 2 | estuviese | estuvieses | estuviese | estuviésemos | estuvieseis | estuviesen |
| Future | estuviere | estuvieres | estuviere | estuviéremos | estuviereis | estuvieren |
| Imperative (2) | tú / vos | usted | nosotros | vosotros | ustedes | |
| affirmative | estate | esté OR estese | estemos OR estemonos | estad OR estaos (3) | estén OR estense | |
| negative | no estés | no esté | no estemos | no estéis | no estén | |
- (1) The form estuvistes is not normative, but it's very widespread in colloquial speech. It is furthermore the pure conjugation of vos.
- (2) Estar is usually made pronominal in the imperative, especially in colloquial speech.
- (3) The forms estaros and also estarse for some regions, (instead of estaos) are not normative, but they're the ones generally used in real-life speech. The form estad is only used formally.
[edit] haber, to have (done)
From the Latin: habeo, habere, habui, habitus — "to have" (done something or there is/there are).
| Non-finite | (masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl.) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | haber | |||||
| Gerund | habiendo | |||||
| Past participle | habido (habido, habida, habidos, habidas) | |||||
| Indicative | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | he | has | ha (1) | hemos (2) | habéis | han |
| Imperfect | había | habías | había | habíamos | habíais | habían |
| Preterite | hube | hubiste (3) | hubo | hubimos | hubisteis | hubieron (4) |
| Future | habré | habrás | habrá | habremos | habréis | habrán |
| Conditional | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| habría | habrías | habría | habríamos | habríais | habrían | |
| Subjunctive | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | haya (5) | hayas | haya | hayamos | hayáis | hayan |
| Imperfect 1 | hubiera | hubieras | hubiera | hubiéramos | hubierais | hubieran |
| Imperfect 2 | hubiese | hubieses | hubiese | hubiésemos | hubieseis | hubiesen |
| Future | hubiere | hubieres | hubiere | hubiéremos | hubiereis | hubieren |
| Imperative (6) | tú / vos | usted | nosotros | vosotros | ustedes | |
| affirmative | he | haya | hayamos | habed | hayan | |
| negative | no hayas | no haya | no hayamos | no hayáis | no hayan | |
- (1) ha in perfective tenses and in haber de; hay in the impersonal expressions hay que and hay meaning "there is/are".
- (2) habemos in the rare expression nos las habemos con meaning "the matter in question is"; dialectally or archaically for hemos, all senses; dialectally for hay in the plural, meaning "there are".
- (3) The form hubistes is not normative, but it's very widespread in colloquial speech.
- (4) Hubieron is commonly used by Spanish speakers as a replacement for hubo in the plural form, as in Hubieron muchas cajas, with the connotated translation of "There were many boxes", although this usage of hubieron is not normative.
- (5) Dialectally, haiga, etc.
- (6) The imperative of haber is hardly ever used.
[edit] tener, to have (possession)
From the Latin: teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus — "to hold".
Sometimes referred to by Spanish instructors as a "Yo- go" verb.
| Non-finite | (masc. sing., fem. sing., masc. pl., fem pl.) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | tener | |||||
| Gerund | teniendo | |||||
| Past participle | tenido (tenido, tenida, tenidos, tenidas) | |||||
| Indicative | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | tengo | tienes / tenés | tiene | tenemos | tenéis | tienen |
| Imperfect | tenía | tenías | tenía | teníamos | teníais | tenían |
| Preterite | tuve | tuviste (1) | tuvo | tuvimos | tuvisteis | tuvieron |
| Future | tendré | tendrás | tendrá | tendremos | tendréis | tendrán |
| Conditional | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| tendría | tendrías | tendría | tendríamos | tendríais | tendrían | |
| Subjunctive | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | tenga | tengas / tengás (3) | tenga | tengamos | tengáis | tengan |
| Imperfect 1 | tuviera | tuvieras | tuviera | tuviéramos | tuvierais | tuvieran |
| Imperfect 2 | tuviese | tuvieses | tuviese | tuviésemos | tuvieseis | tuviesen |
| Future | tuviere | tuvieres | tuviere | tuviéremos | tuviereis | tuvieren |
| Imperative | tú / vos | usted | nosotros | vosotros | ustedes | |
| affirmative | ten / tené | tenga | tengamos | tened (2) | tengan | |
| negative | no tengas / no tengás (3) | no tenga | no tengamos | no tengáis | no tengan | |
- (1) The form tuvistes is not normative, but it's very widespread in colloquial speech. It is furthermore the pure conjugation of vos
- (2) The form tener (instead of tened) is not normative, but it's the one used in real-life speech. The corresponding pronominal form is teneos formally, plus the not normative teneros or regionally tenerse.
- (3) In Rioplatense, tengas and tengás exist side by side, and forms such as vos tengas is widespread and normative. In other areas where voseo exists, the conjugation tengás is used with vos.
[edit] ir, to go
From the Latin: eo, ire, ii (or ivi), itus — "to go"
(plus parts of vado and sum).
| Non-finite | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | ir | |||||
| Gerund | yendo | |||||
| Past participle | ido | |||||
| Indicative | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | voy | vas | va | vamos | vais | van |
| Imperfect | iba | ibas | iba | íbamos | ibais | iban |
| Preterite | fui | fuiste (1) | fue | fuimos | fuisteis | fueron |
| Future | iré | irás | irá | iremos | iréis | irán |
| Conditional | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| iría | irías | iría | iríamos | iríais | irían | |
| Subjunctive | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | vaya | vayas / vayás | vaya | vayamos | vayáis | vayan |
| Imperfect 1 | fuera | fueras | fuera | fuéramos | fuerais | fueran |
| Imperfect 2 | fuese | fueses | fuese | fuésemos | fueseis | fuesen |
| Future | fuere | fueres | fuere | fuéremos | fuereis | fueren |
| Imperative | tú / vos | usted | nosotros | vosotros | ustedes | |
| affirmative | ve (2) / andá (3) | vaya | vamos | id (4) | vayan | |
| negative | no vayas / no vayás | no vaya | no vamos / no vayamos | no vayáis | no vayan | |
- (1) The form fuistes is not normative, but it's very widespread in colloquial speech. It is furthermore the pure conjugation of vos.
- (2) Dialectally, ves. Not used pronominally, always vete.
- (3) The verb ir does not have a proper form for the affirmative imperative with vos, so it borrows that from andar (to walk/to go), but de facto in Central America is used the form "í".
- (4) The form ir (instead of id) is not normative, but it's the one used in real-life speech. The normative second-person plural imperative of the pronominal verb irse is idos (i.e. it does not lose its d as other verbs do), but it's virtually unused, either spoken or written. The form íos is obsolete. The not normative forms used in real-life speech are iros or regionally irse. To avoid using these forms, some writers simply use a different verb, i.e. marchaos.
[edit] yacer, to lie (to be in a horizontal position)
From the Latin: iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitus— "to lie (to be in a horizontal position)"
| Non-finite | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | yacer | |||||
| Gerund | yaciendo | |||||
| Past participle | yacido | |||||
| Indicative | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present | yazco (1) | yaces / yacés | yace | yacemos | yacéis | yacen |
| Imperfect | yacía | yacías | yacía | yacíamos | yacíais | yacían |
| Preterite | yací | yaciste | yació | yacimos | yacisteis | yacieron |
| Future | yaceré | yacerás | yacerá | yaceremos | yaceréis | yacerán |
| Conditional | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| yacería | yacerías | yacería | yaceríamos | yaceríais | yacerían | |
| Subjunctive | yo | tú / vos | él / Usted | nosotros | vosotros | ellos / Ustedes |
| Present (2) | yazca | yazcas / yazcás | yazca | yazcamos | yazcáis | yazcan |
| Imperfect 1 | yaciera | yacieras | yaciera | yaciéramos | yacierais | yacieran |
| Imperfect 2 | yaciese | yacieses | yaciese | yaciésemos | yacieseis | yaciesen |
| Future | yaciere | yacieres | yaciere | yaciéremos | yaciereis | yacieren |
| Imperative | tú / vos | usted | nosotros | vosotros | ustedes | |
| affirmative | yace (3) / yacé | yazca (2) | yazcamos | yaced | yazcan (2) | |
| negative | no yazcas / no yazcás (2) | no yazca (2) | no yazcamos | no yazcáis (2) | no yazcan (2) | |
- The verb yacer is hardly ever used in colloquial speech.
- (1) also yazgo or yago.
- (2) also yazga etc., or yaga, etc.
- (3) also yaz.
[edit] External links
- WebWorkbooks: 10,000 verbs conjugated with voice files.
- El Conjugador Spanish conjugation for all verbs
- Real Academia Española Spanish dictionary. Conjugation of regular and irregular verbs.
- Spanish Verb Machine Conjugates in all tenses, but doesn't effectively handle irregular verbs such as "ser" or "ir".
- Learn Spanish Free conjugation drills.
- Online Spanish Help Verb conjugation activities and games
- Spaleon Interactive verb conjugation test.
- Spanish Verbal Essence Dave Kamholz's Spanish Verb Conjugator.
