Space Mirror Memorial

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Space Mirror

The Space Mirror Memorial, also known as the Astronaut Memorial, is a memorial on the grounds of the John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Merritt Island, Florida. It is maintained by the Astronauts Memorial Foundation, whose offices are located in the NASA Center for Space Education next door to the Visitor Complex. The memorial was dedicated in 1991 to remember the lives of the men and women who die in the space programs of the United States, particularly those of NASA. The Space Mirror Memorial has been designated a National Memorial by the U.S. Congress.

In addition to 20 NASA career astronauts, the memorial includes the names of a U.S. Air Force X-15 test pilot, a U.S. Air Force officer who died while training for a then-classified military space program, a civilian spaceflight participant who died in the Challenger disaster, and an international astronaut who was killed during the Columbia disaster.

1 Memorial elements
2 Memorial funding
3 Defunct sun tracking mechanism
4 Honorees
5 Gallery
6 Notes
7 See also
8 External links

[edit] Memorial elements

Panel of STS-107 Names on the adjacent granite wall

The primary feature of the memorial is the Space Mirror, a large mirror of black granite, divided into 90 smaller panels. The names of the 24 astronauts who have died are scattered over the mirror, with names of astronauts who died in the same incident grouped on the same panel, or pairs of adjacent panels. The names are cut completely through the surface, exposing a translucent backing, and filled with translucent acrylic, which is then backlit with a combination of reflected sunlight (when available) and floodlights, causing the names to glow, and appear to float in a reflection of the sky.

Near the Space Mirror is a granite wall, bearing pictures and brief biographies of those listed on the Mirror.

The design of the Space Mirror was the result of an international design competition. The winners of this competititon were the now defunct architectural firm of Holt Pfau Hinshaw and Jones.

[edit] Memorial funding

Image:Florida-challenger.gif

The Challenger plate, which funded the Astronaut Memorial. This is the current third edition, which also honors Columbia.

The Astronauts Memorial Foundation and Space Mirror Memorial are funded in part by a specialty vehicle registration plate issued by the state of Florida. Called the "Challenger" plate, it was first issued in 1987, and was the first (and, until recently, most popular) specialty plate issued by the state. The third edition, introduced in 2004, includes Columbia in the text, but is still termed the "Challenger" plate. [1] The memorial cost US$6.2 million.^[1]

[edit] Defunct sun tracking mechanism

The memorial, as built, incorporated motors and jackscrews to constantly track the sun across the sky in both pan and tilt axes. Parabolic reflectors on the back side of the mirror would then direct the sunlight through the acrylic panels to brilliantly illuminate the honorees' names with sunlight. Supplemental floodlights were used when the sun was inadequate.

In 1997, the tracking system failed, allowing part of the monument to strike a steel beam on an adjacent platform. Insurance paid US$375,000 in repair work, but later, the mechanism again ground to a halt, due to further problems with the slewing ring. ^[1]

Estimated repairs were on the order of US$700,000, and the Astronauts Memorial Foundation unanimously decided the money would be better spent on educational programs instead. The floodlights were therefore repositioned and are kept burning 24 hours a day.^[1]

[edit] Honorees

Only those killed during space missions sponsored by the United States or during training for human spaceflight missions are eligible for inclusion in the memorial.^{[citation needed]} For a comprehensive list of space disasters, see List of space disasters.

The people honored on the memorial are:

Theodore Freeman, one of the "Astronaut Group 3" recruits from 1963, died in a T-38 training accident on October 31, 1964.
Elliott See and Charles Bassett were killed in a T-38 accident on February 28, 1966 when their aircraft crashed into McDonnell Building 101 on a foggy day. They were originally slated to be the crew of Gemini 9. Bassett was another Group 3 recruit, whereas See was an Astronaut Group 2 recruit from 1962.
Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee were in the Apollo 1 capsule for a ground test on January 27, 1967 when a short circuit ignited flammable materials in the pressurized pure-oxygen atmosphere. The astronauts died of carbon monoxide poisoning before ground crews could reach them. Grissom, one of the "Mercury Seven" astronauts, had flown twice before. White conducted the first US spacewalk on Gemini 4. Chaffee, a rookie, was a Group 3 recruit.
Clifton Williams died in a T-38 training crash on October 5, 1967. Another Group 3 recruit, he was in the Apollo astronaut rotation, and would have been on the crew of Apollo 12. He was also memorialized by a fourth star on the official Apollo 12 mission badge. Alan Bean, who took Williams's seat on Apollo 12, is rumored to have left Williams's astronaut wings on the moon as a token of his sacrifice.^{[citation needed]}
Michael J. Adams died in an X-15 crash on November 15, 1967. He was not a NASA astronaut recruit, but made the memorial by virtue of having earned the Astronaut Badge in the X-15 program. He was also in the United States Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory program.
Robert H. Lawrence, Jr. died on December 8, 1967, when the F-104 he was testing crashed and his ejection seat parachute failed to open. He was in the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program at the time, and could have become among the first African-American astronauts had he survived to take NASA's offer for all under-35 MOL candidates to join their space program when MOL was scrapped in 1969.
On January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds after liftoff on mission STS-51-L. All seven crew members — Francis "Dick" Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Ronald McNair, Gregory Jarvis, Judith Resnik, Ellison Onizuka, and Christa McAuliffe — died. Scobee, McNair, Resnik and Onizuka had flown before. McAuliffe was the first civilian launched in the Teacher in Space Project. This program was suspended until 1998, and remained active despite the loss of Columbia in 2003.
M. L. "Sonny" Carter died on April 5, 1991, in the crash of Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311. Carter was a passenger traveling on NASA business. He had flown on STS-33 and was in training for STS-42 at the time.
On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated on re-entry at the end of mission STS-107 due to damage during ascent. The crew was Rick D. Husband, William C. McCool, David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Michael P. Anderson, Laurel Clark and Ilan Ramon. Husband, Chawla and Anderson were veterans. Ilan Ramon was a pilot in the Israeli Air Force.