Soul dualism

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Soul dualism or a dualistic soul concept is a range of beliefs that a person has two (or more) kinds of souls. In many cases, the one of the souls is associated with body functions “body soul”, and the other one can leave the body “free soul”.[1][2][3][4][5] Sometimes the plethora of soul types can be even more complex.[6][7] Grasping soul dualism can help to understand many shamanistic beliefs better.

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[edit] Examples

[edit] Eskimo

Several Eskimo groups believe that a person has more than one types of souls. One is associated with respiration, the other can accompany the body as a shadow. Soul concept of Eskimo groups is diverse and not alike.[8] In some cases, it is connected to shamanistic beliefs among the various Eskimo groups.[9] Also Caribou Inuit groups believed in several types of souls.[10].

[edit] Uralic peoples

The concept of more kinds of souls can be found also at several Finno-Ugric peoples.[11][12] See notion of shadow-soul (being able to depart freely the body), e.g. “íz” in Hungarian folk beliefs.[13][12] The Estonian soul concept has been approached by several authors, some of them using rather complex frameworks (online [7]).

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Hoppál, Mihály: Nature worship in Siberian shamanism
  2. ^ Great Basin Indian. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica: Online
  3. ^ Hoppál 1975:225
  4. ^ Hoppál 1994:13
  5. ^ Diószegi 1962:27
  6. ^ Merkur 1985
  7. ^ a b Conceptions of soul in old-Estonian religion (Vol. 4) written by Tarmo Kulmar
  8. ^ Kleivan & Sonne 1985:17–18
  9. ^ Merkur 1985:61, 222–223, 226, 240
  10. ^ Gabus 1970:211
  11. ^ Hoppál 1975:225
  12. ^ a b Fodor 2005: 16–17
  13. ^ Dienes 1975:83

[edit] References

  • Dienes, István (1975). "A honfoglaló magyarok és ősi hiedelmeik", in Hajdú, Péter: Uráli népek / Nyelvrokonaink kultúrája és hagyományai (in Hungarian). Budapest: Corvina Kiadó, 77–108. ISBN 963 13 0900 2.  The title means: “Uralic peoples / Culture and traditions of our linguistic relatives”; the chapter means “The Hungarians at the time of entering the Carpathian Basin, and their ancient beliefs”.
  • Diószegi, Vilmos (1962). Samanizmus, Élet és Tudomány Kiskönyvtár. Budapest: Gondolat. 
  • Fodor, István (2005). "Az ősi magyar vallásról", in Molnár, Ádám: Csodaszarvas. Őstörténet, vallás és néphagyomány. Vol. I (in Hungarian). Budapest: Molnár Kiadó, 11–34. ISBN 963 218 200 6.  The chapter means: “About the ancient Hungarian religion”; the book title means: “Miracle deer. Ancient history, religion and folklore tradition”.
  • Gabus, Jean (1970). A karibu eszkimók (in Hungarian). Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó.  Translation of the original: Gabus, Jean (1944). Vie et coutumes des Esquimaux Caribous. Libraire Payot Lausanne.  It desribes the life of Caribou Eskimo and Padlermiut groups.
  • Hoppál, Mihály (1975). "Az uráli népek hiedelemvilága és a samanizmus", in Hajdú, Péter: Uráli népek. Nyelvrokonaink kultúrája és hagyományai (in Hungarian). Budapest: Corvina Kiadó, 211–233. ISBN 963 13 0900 2.  The title means: “Uralic peoples / Culture and traditions of our linguistic relatives”; the chapter means “The belief system of Uralic peoples and the shamanism”.
  • Hoppál, Mihály (1994). Sámánok. Lelkek és jelképek. Budapest: Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 963 208 298 2.  Title mans: “Shamans / Souls and symbols”.
  • Kleivan, Inge; Sonne, B. (1985). Eskimos. Greenland and Canada, Iconography of religions, section VIII /Arctic Peoples/, fascicle 2). Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill, Leiden (The Netherland). ISBN 90 04 07160 1. 
  • Merkur, Daniel (1985). Becoming Half Hidden / Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit, Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis / Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN 91-22-00752-0. 

[edit] Further reading

  • Johansen, Ulla (2005). "Sámánfilozófia: változó lélekképzetek Tuvában", in Molnár, Ádám: Csodaszarvas. Őstörténet, vallás és néphagyomány. Vol. I (in Hungarian). Budapest: Molnár Kiadó, 135–156. ISBN 963 218 200 6.  The chapter means: “Shamanic philosophy: soul concepts in Tuva, changing in time”; the book title means: “Miracle deer. Ancient history, religion and folklore tradition”.
  • Oosten, Jarich G. (1997). "Cosmological Cycles and the Constituents of the Person", in S. A. Mousalimas: Arctic Ecology and Identity, ISTOR Books 8. Budapest • Los Angeles: Akadémiai Kiadó • International Society for Trans-Oceanic Research, 85–101. ISBN 963 05 6629 X. 

[edit] See also

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