Sopwith Pup
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| Sopwith Pup | |
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| Type | Biplane fighter |
| Manufacturer | Sopwith Aviation Company |
| Designed by | Herbert Smith |
| Maiden flight | February 1916 |
| Introduced | October 1916 |
| Primary users | Royal Flying Corps Royal Air Force Royal Naval Air Service |
| Produced | 1916-1918 |
| Number built | 1,770 |
| Variants | Alcock Scout Beardmore W.B.III |
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[edit] Design and development
The Sopwith Pup was a British single seater biplane fighter aircraft used during the First World War. It was manufactured by the Sopwith Aviation Company and was officially named the Sopwith Scout. It was nicknamed the Pup because it looked like a smaller version of the two-seat Sopwith 1½ Strutter, but the name Pup was not used officially as it was reportedly thought to be undignified.[1] The Pup's docile flying characteristics made it ideal for use in aircraft carrier deck landing and takeoff experiments.
The Pup was based on the personal aircraft of the company's test pilot, Harry Hawker. This 1915 design, designated Sopwith SL TBP, was powered by a 50 hp Gnome rotary engine.
In early 1916, Sopwith developed this aircraft into a fighter. The resulting Pup was a single-bay, single-seat biplane with a mainly wooden framework covered in fabric and staggered, equal-span wings. The cross axle type main landing gear supported on V-struts attached to the fuselage lower longeron with a tail skid. Early production examples were powered by the 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome Monosoupape, but most aircraft received the 80 hp (60 kW) Le Rhone rotary engine. Armament was a single 0.303 inch (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun synchronized with the Sopwith-Kauper interrupter.
A total of 1,770 Pups were built by Sopwith (96), Standard Motor Co. (850), Whitehead Aircraft (820), and William Beardmore & Co. (30).
[edit] Operational history
The Sopwith Pup was used by both the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). In May 1916, the RNAS received its first Pups for operational trials with "A" Naval Squadron. The first Pups reached the Western Front in October 1916 with No. 8 Squadron RNAS. The first RFC Squadron to re-equip with the Pup was No. 54 Squadron, which arrived in France in December. The Pup quickly proved its superiority over the Eindecker and early Fokker biplanes. After encountering the Pup in combat, Manfred von Richthofen said, "We saw at once that the enemy airplane was superior to ours."[2]
The Pup's light weight and generous wing area gave it a good rate of climb. Agility was enhanced by ailerons being fitted on both wings. The Pup had half the horsepower and armament of the German Albatros D.III, but was much more maneuverable, especially over 15,000 ft (4,500m) due to its light wing loading. Ace James McCudden stated that "When it came to maneuvering, the Sopwith (Pup) would turn twice to an Albatros' once ... it was a remarkably fine machine for general all-round flying. It was so extremely light and well surfaced that after a little practice one could almost land it on a tennis court."[3] However, the Pup was also longitudinally unstable. According to one pilot, "It was so light to the touch, if you sneezed, you looped."[4]
At the peak of its operational deployment, the Pup equipped only four RNAS squadrons (3,4,8 and 9), and three RFC units (54, 46 and 66 Squadrons). By spring 1917, the type was already outclassed by the newest German fighters and the RNAS had replaced theirs, first with Sopwith Triplanes, and then Sopwith Camels. The RFC Pup squadrons on the other hand had to soldier on, in spite of increasing casualties, until it was possible to replace the last frontline Pups with Camels, in autumn 1917.
This was far from being the end of the Pup's career as it continued in various second line roles for the remainder of the war.
The raids on London by Gotha bombers in mid-1917 caused far more damage and casualties than the earlier airship raids. The ineffective response by British interceptor units had serious political repercussions. In response No. 66 Squadron was withdrawn to Calais for a short period, and No. 46 was transferred for several weeks to Sutton's Farm airfield near London. Two new Pup squadrons were formed specifically for Home Defence duties, No. 112 in July, and No. 61 in August. Home defence Pups were often fitted with the more powerful 100 hp Gnome Monosoupape to improve their performance. These aircraft were distinguishable by the addition of vents in the cowling face.
Sopwith Pups were also used in many pioneering carrier experiments. On 2 August 1917, a Pup flown by Sqn Cdr Edwin Dunning became the first aircraft to land aboard a moving ship, HMS Furious. Dunning was killed on his third landing when the Pup fell over the side of the ship. The Pup began operations on the carriers in early 1917; the first aircraft were fitted with skid undercarriages in place of the standard landing gear. Landings utilized a system of deck wires to "trap" the aircraft. Later versions reverted to the normal undercarriage. Pups were used as ship-based fighters on three carriers: HMS Campania, Furious and Manxman. A number of other Pups were deployed to cruisers and battleships where they were launched from platforms attached to gun turrets. A Pup flown from a platform om the cuiser HMS Yarmouth shot down the German Zeppelin L 23 off the Danish coast on 21 August 1917.[5]
The U.S. Navy also employed the Sopwith Pup with famed Australian/British test pilot Edgar Percival testing the use of carrier-borne fighters. In 1926, Percival was catapulted in a Pup off the battleship USS Idaho at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
The Pup was an excellent advanced trainer, and served as such for the remainder of the war and after - although many "trainer" Pups were in fact reserved by senior officers as their personal runabouts.
[edit] Variants
- Sopwith Admiralty Type 9901
- The original Admiralty designation.
- Sopwith Pup
- Single-seat fighter scout biplane.
- Sopwith Dove
- Two-seat civilian biplane, only 10 were built.
- Alcock Scout
- Aircraft built partially from the remains of a crashed Pup.
[edit] Operators
- Australian Flying Corps
- No. 5 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom.
- No. 6 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom.
- No. 8 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom.
- Central Flying School AFC at Point Cook, Victoria
- Royal Australian Air Force
- No. 1 Flying Training School RAAF at Point Cook, Victoria
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[edit] Survivors and modern reproductions
Several airworthy and static replicas of Sopwith Pup exist today. One of Sopwith Dove (G-EBKY) was converted to Pup configuration in the 1930s and continues to fly today, with the Shuttleworth Trust.
A notable flying reproduction, built in the late 1960s by the late Richard King, one of the co-founders of Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome along with Cole Palen, still exists at the Owl's Head Museum of Transportation[6] in Rockland, Maine, and is still flown occasionally, with its original vintage World War I Le Rhône 80 hp rotary engine, at special events during their open season.
An original Pup B 1807, later registered as G-EAVX is being restored to airworthy condition, and should be flying by the end of 2008.
[edit] Specifications
This aircraft article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them.General characteristics
- Crew: one, pilot
- Length: 19 ft 3.75 in (5.9 m)
- Wingspan: 26 ft 6 in (8.1 m)
- Height: 9 ft 5 in (2.9 m)
- Wing area: 254 ft² (23.60 m²)
- Empty weight: 856 lb (388 kg)
- Loaded weight: 1,225 lb (556 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 1,225 lb (556 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Le Rhone air-cooled rotary engine, 80 or 100 hp (60 or 75 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 92 knots (106 mph, 171 km/h)
- Service ceiling 18,500 feet (5,600 m)
- Endurance: 3 hours
Armament
- 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun fired forward through the propeller by means of an interrupter gear
[edit] See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
Related lists
- List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
- List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps
- List of aircraft of the Royal Naval Air Service
- List of fighter aircraft
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ RAF Air Museum: Sopwith Pup
- ^ Sopwith Pup
- ^ Sopwith Pup
- ^ W.W.1 Modeler's list.
- ^ Bruce 1954, p. 10.
- ^ Sopwith Pup
[edit] Bibliography
- Bruce, J.M. "Sopwith Pup: Historic Military Aircraft No 6". Flight. 1 January 1954. pp. 8–12.
- Bruce, J.M. "The Sopwith Pup". Aircraft in Profile, Volume 1/Part 2. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1965 (4th revised edition 1976). ISBN 0-85383-411-3.
- Bruce, J.M.; Page, Gordon and Sturtivant, Ray. The Sopwith Pup. Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2002. ISBN 0-85130-310-2.
- Franks, Norman and Dempsey, Harry. Sopwith Pup Aces of World War I (Aircraft of the Aces). London: Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-84176-886-3.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. "Sopwith Pup Naval Fighter". Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-641-3.
[edit] External links
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