Soft-paste porcelain
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"Soft-paste porcelain" is a type of a ceramic material, but it lacks a more specific, universally agreed definition. Some writers have used the term for body formulations that combine clay and glass frit, mainly in the production of decorative figures and domestic wares in eighteenth century Europe,[2] while others have used the term more widely to include other soft porcelains as well, such as bone china, Seger porcelain, vitreous porcelain, new Sèvres porcelain, Parian porcelain and soft feldspathic porcelain.[3]
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[edit] General
The history of soft-paste porcelain dates back to early attempts by European potters to replicate Chinese porcelain at a time when its composition was little understood and its constituent materials were not widely available in the West. The earliest formulations were mixtures of clay and ground-up glass or frit. Soapstone and lime were also known to have been included in some compositions. As these early formulations suffered from high pyroplastic deformation, or slumping in the kiln at raised temperatures, they were difficult and uneconomic to use in mass. Formulations were later developed based on kaolin (china clay), quartz, feldspars, nepheline syenite, and other feldspathic rocks. Soft-paste porcelain with these ingredients was technically superior to the traditional soft-paste and these formulations remain in production.
[edit] Characteristics
Soft-paste made with little clay is not very plastic[4] and shaping it on the potter's wheel is difficult. Those pastes with more clay (now more commonly referred to as bodies), such as electrical porcelain, are extremely plastic and can be shaped by methods such as jolleying and turning. It was called "soft" because of its inability to hold rigid under high temperatures compared to hard-paste porcelain; the feldspathic formulations are however more resilent and experience less pyroplastic deformation. Soft-paste is fired at lower temperatures than hard-paste porcelain, typically around 1100oC.[5][6] for the frit based compositions and 1200 to 1250oC for those using feldspars or nepheline syenites as the primary flux. The lower firing temperature gives artists and manufacturers some benefits, including a wider palette of colours for decoration and reduced fuel consumption. The body of soft-paste is more granular than hard-paste porcelain, less glass being formed in the firing process.
[edit] History of its manufacture
Chinese porcelain, which arrived in Europe before the 14th century, was much admired and expensive to purchase. Attempts were made to imitate it from the 15th century onwards but its composition was little understood. Its translucency suggested that glass might be an ingredient,[7] and so many experiments combined clay with powdered glass (frit), including the porcelain made in Florence in the late 16th century under the patronage of the Medicis. In Venice there were experiments supposedly using opaque glass alone.[8]
Hard-paste porcelain was successfully produced at Meissen in 1708 by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, though Johann Friedrich Böttger who continued his work has often been credited with the invention. As the recipe was kept secret, experiments continued elsewhere, mixing glass materials (fused and ground into a frit) with clay or other substances to give whiteness and a degree of plasticity.
Experiments at Rouen produced the earliest soft-paste in France, when a 1673 patent was granted to Louis Poterat, but it seems that not much was made. An application for the renewal of the patent in 1694 stated, "the secret was very little used, the petitioners devoting themselves rather to faience-making". Rouen porcelain, which is blue painted, is rare and difficult to identify.[9]
The first important French porcelain was made at the Saint-Cloud factory, which was an established maker of faience. In 1702, letters-patent were granted to the family of Pierre Chicaneau, who were said to have improved upon the process discovered by him, and since 1693 to have made porcelain as "perfect as the Chinese". The typical blue-painted Saint-Cloud porcelain, says Honey, "is one of the most distinct and attractive of porcelains, and not the least part of its charm lies in the quality of the material itself. It is rarely of a pure white, but the warm yellowish or ivory tone of the best wares of the period is sympathetic and by no means a shortcoming; and while actually very soft and glassy, it has a firm texture unlike any other. The glaze often shows a fine satin-like pitting of the surface that helps to distinguish it from the brilliant shiny glaze of Mennecy, which is otherwise similar. The heavy build of the pieces is also characteristic and is saved from clumsiness by a finer sense of mass, revealed in the subtly graduated thickness of wall and a delicate shaping of edges."[10]
Louis Henry, Duc de Bourbon established a soft-paste factory on the grounds of his château in Chantilly in 1730.
A soft-paste factory was opened at Mennecy by François Barbin in 1750. The Vincennes porcelain factory was established in 1740 under the supervision of Claude-Humbert Gérin, who had previously been employed at Chantilly. The factory moved to larger premises at Sèvres[11] in 1756. A superior soft-paste was developed at Vincennes, whiter and freer of imperfections than any of its French rivals, which put Vincennes/Sèvres porcelain in the leading position in France and throughout the whole of Europe in the second half of the 18th century.[12]
The use of frit in this paste lent it the names "Frittenporzellan" in Germany and "frita" in Spain. In France it was known as "pâte tendre" and in England "soft-paste",[13] perhaps because it does not easily retain its shape in the wet state, or because it tends to slump in the kiln under high temperature, or because the body and the glaze can be easily scratched. (Scratching with a file is a crude way of finding out whether a piece is made of soft-paste or not.)
The first soft-paste in England was demonstrated by Thomas Briand to the Royal Society in 1742 and is believed to have been based on the Saint-Cloud formula. In 1749, Thomas Frye, a portrait painter, took out a patent on a porcelain containing bone ash. This was the first bone china, subsequently perfected by Josiah Spode.
Recipes were closely guarded, as illustrated by the story of Robert Brown, a founding partner in the Lowestoft factory, who is said to have hidden in a barrel in Bow to observe the mixing of their porcelain.[14]. A partner in Longton Hall referred to "the Art, Secret or Mystery" of porcelain.[15]
In the fifteen years after Briand's demonstration, half a dozen factories were founded in England to made soft-paste table-wares and figures:
- Chelsea 1743 (Thomas Briand and Charles Gouyn)
- Bow 1744
- St James's 1748 (Charles Gouyn)
- Bristol 1748
- Longton Hall 1750
- Derby 1757 (Sprimont and Duesbury)
- Lowestoft 1757 (Robert Brown)
[edit] Bibliography
- Atterbury, Paul (ed.), The History of Porcelain (Orbis, 1982)
- Bourry, E., A Treatise On Ceramic Industries (Scott, Greenwood & Son, 1926)
- Burton, William, Porcelain - Its Nature, Art and Manufacture (B.T.Batsford, 1906)
- Fournier, Robert, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973)
- Hamer, Frank and Hamer, Janet, The Potter's Dictionary (A&C Black/University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004)
- Honey, W.B., European Ceramic Art (Faber and Faber, 1952)
- Lane, Arthur, English Porcelain Figures of the 18th Century (Faber and Faber, 1961)
- Leach, Bernard, A Potter's Book (Faber and Faber, 1940)
- Meister, P.W. and Reber, H., European Porcelain of the 18th Century (Phaidon, 1983)
- Rado, Paul, An Introduction To The Technology Of Pottery (Pergamon Press, 1988)
- Savage, George, English Ceramics (Jean F. Gouthier, 1983)
- Savage, George, Porcelain Through the Ages (Penguin Books, 1963)
- Singer, F. and Singer, S.S., Industrial Ceramics (Chapman Hall, 1963)
- Stephenson, H.H., Ceramic Chemistry (Davis Brothers, 1912)
- Wardell, Sasha, Porcelain and Bone China (Crowood Press, 2004)
[edit] References
- ^ Porcelain plate. Ceramics. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
- ^ E.g. Atterbury, p.243, Fournier, p.214, Hamer & Hamer p.273, A History of Porcelain, Honey, p.495, Lane, p.3, Leach, p.40, Meister & Reber, pp.12-13, Savage (1963), p.181, Soft-paste Porcelain, Wardell, p.11
- ^ E.g. Bourry, p.454, Rado, pp.181-4, Singer & Singer, pp.451-7, and Stephenson, p.42.
- ^ Honey, p.296
- ^ Fournier, p.214
- ^ Lane, p.21
- ^ Honey, p.496
- ^ Honey, p.497
- ^ Honey, p.528
- ^ Honey, p.533
- ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art
- ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art
- ^ Honey, p.533
- ^ Savage (1983), p.215
- ^ Savage, (1983), p.212
