Social Credit Party of Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Social Credit Party of Canada | |
|---|---|
| Former Federal Party | |
| Founded | 1935 |
| Dissolved | 1993 |
| Leader | n/a |
| President | n/a |
| Headquarters | n/a |
| Political ideology | social credit, conservatism, populism, religious right |
| International alignment | none |
| Colours | Green |
| Website | none |
The Social Credit Party of Canada (French: Parti Crédit social du Canada) was a conservative - populist political party in Canada that promoted social credit theories of monetary reform. It was the federal wing of the Canadian social credit movement.
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[edit] A Western protest movement: 1935–1961
The Canadian social credit movement was largely an out-growth of the Alberta Social Credit Party, and the Social Credit Party of Canada was originally strongest in Alberta.
When first formed in 1935, Social Credit took many voters from the Progressive Party of Canada and the United Farmers Movement. The party grew out of disaffection with the status quo during the Great Depression. The depression hit the party's western Canadian birth-place especially hard, and can be credited both for the creation of this party and the rise of a social democratic party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.
In the party's first election in 1935, it won seventeen seats, all but two of them in Alberta, where it won over 46% of that province's popular vote.
In 1939, Social Credit joined with former Conservative William Duncan Herridge and his supporters in the New Democracy movement. The Social Credit Party ran in the 1940 election under the "New Democracy" name, but reverted to "Social Credit" for the 1945 election.
During this period, the Socreds gained a reputation for anti-Semitism. In 1945, the party leader, Solon Earl Low, alleged there was a conspiracy of Jewish bankers behind the world's problems[1], and in 1947, Norman Jaques, the Socred Member of Parliament for Wetaskiwin, even read excerpts of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion into the parliamentary Hansard[2]. Low officially repudiated anti-Semitism in 1957[3]
[edit] Growth in Quebec: 1962–1972
Beginning in the early 1960s, there were serious tensions between the party's English and French wings. In 1960, Robert Thompson of Alberta defeated Réal Caouette of Quebec at the party's leadership convention. The vote totals were never announced; many suspect that Caouette actually won more votes, but was rejected by the party's western leadership for fear that he would be a liability. Alberta Socred Premier Ernest Manning had previously told the convention that his province would never accept a francophone Catholic as the party's leader, leading to suspicions that the vote was fixed in Thompson's favour.
Caouette became the party's deputy leader after leading its Quebec wing to a major breakthrough in the 1962 election. 26 créditistes were elected from Quebec, while Thompson was responsible for a scant four Socred seats in rest of Canada, including his own. The linguistic imbalance caused severe tensions in the Social Credit caucus, as the Quebec MPs regarded Caouette as their leader. Also, Caouette and the other Quebec MPs remained true believers in social credit theory, while the English branch had largely abandoned the theory. The number of Socreds from English Canada was also declining. Thompson refused to stand down.
On September 9, 1963, the party split into an English Canadian wing and a separate French Canadian party led by Caouette - the Ralliement des créditistes. Of the 20 Social Credit MPs from Quebec in 1963, 13 joined Caouette's Ralliement, five of the remaining seven ran in the next election as independents, and two joined the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.
The English Canadian party, concentrated in Alberta and British Columbia, won only five seats in 1965. Party leader Robert Thompson was frustrated by the lack of support given to the federal wing, while the provincial Social Credit parties in Alberta and British Columbia ran powerful political machines and formed the governments. As well, Alberta Premier Manning was becoming concerned with the leftward trajectory of both the federal Liberals and the Progressive Conservatives and encouraged Thompson to try to bring about a merger of the federal Socred and PC parties. Negotiations failed but in 1967, with the support of both Manning and PC leader Robert Stanfield, Thompson ran in the next election with the PCs. Another MP left the party as well that year; Bud Olson defected to the Liberals.
In the 1968 election, Social Credit lost its last two seats in English Canada. The party would never elect another MP from English Canada, although Manning was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1970.
In 1971, the Ralliement and the English-Canadian Social Credit Party reunited into a single national party at a leadership convention, held at the Hull Arena. Réal Caouette won the leadership on the first ballot over Phil Cossette, an advertising businessman from Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec, Dr. James McGillvray, a surgeon from Collingwood, Ontario, and Fernand Bourret, the party’s director of policy research. Cossette attracted younger delegates, and proposed recognizing the principle of self-determination for all provinces, and creating parallel civil services and government administrations in English and French. McGillvray, the president of the Ontario Social Credit Association, spoke to the convention on social credit economics, and claimed that using social credit to wipe out poverty would eliminate socialism in Canada.
- Réal Caouette 510
- Phil Cossette 104
- Dr. James McGillvray 69
- Fernand Bouret 9
The convention attracted 979 delegates of which 655 (70%) were from Quebec, 149 from Ontario, 121 from Western Canada, 51 from the Atlantic provinces, and three form the United States. [4]
In the 1972 election, the Social Credit Party won 15 seats — all in Quebec — and 7.6% of the popular vote.
[edit] Decline: 1973–1980
[edit] End of Caouette era
In the 1974 federal election, the Social Credit Party machine in Quebec began to fall apart. Caouette was suffering from a snowmobiling accident, and therefore the powerful voice that had carried Social Credit in prior elections was silenced. When he was able to speak, Caouette focussed his attacks on the Progressive Conservatives and the New Democratic Party, instead of the Liberal Party, which was Social Credit's main competitor in Quebec. Two weeks before the election was called, Caouette had informed the parliamentary caucus that he would resign as leader in the fall.
Party rallies faced declining, aging attendance. Feuding within the party had accelerated: Some ridings in Quebec had two Social Credit candidates, while others — including the party's Levis stronghold — had none. The provincial wing of the party had split in two, and had lost ten of its twelve seats in the 1973 provincial election. Many Social Credit MPs ran for re-election on their own strengths, making little mention of the party or its leader in their campaign materials. The party's support in Quebec was undermined by rumours that its MPs had made deals with the Progressive Conservatives during Caouette's illness.
The Social Credit Party won eleven seats, which was considered a success in light of the divisions that plagued their campaign, but was one short of the twelve seats needed for official party status in the House of Commons. The Socreds failed in their attempts to convince Independent MP Leonard Jones to join their party. The Socreds made these attempts despite their almost complete absence of political compatibility in order to get recognition as an official party in the House of Commons. The Speaker of the House of Commons, with approval from the Liberal government, decided to recognize the party anyway.
The official party status rules provide for automatic recognition of parties that hold at least twelve seats, but they do not state specifically that a party with less seats is not to be recognized. This status results in access to government funds for research purposes, committee membership, and more opportunities to participate in debates.
The provincial party, on the other hand, continued to face problems after the 1974 federal election as former federal Liberal cabinet minister Yvon Dupuis became leader, which alienated many of the party's members who still believed in social credit theories.
[edit] Leadership turmoil
The decline of the party accelerated after Caouette resigned from the party leadership in 1976. Caouette had announced in 1975 that he would step down from the leadership within a year. He was hospitalized after a stroke on September 16, [5] and died later that year. The party held its leadership convention November 6-7, 1976 at the Civic Centre in Ottawa. This time, 85% of the delegates were from Quebec.
André-Gilles Fortin, the 32-year-old MP for Lotbiniere won the convention on the second ballot. Fortin presented a young, dynamic image, but campaigned on traditional social credit economic theory and supporting small business. The other candidates were: [6]
- René Matte, MP for Champlain, who proposed splitting Canada into five sovereign regions within a loose confederation, and complained that the party executive had changed the rules for accrediting delegates to favour Fortin, leading to the disqualification of 150 party members, and the accreditation of extra delegates from some ridings;
- Martin Hattersley of Edmonton, Alberta, the party’s national president;
- Alex Barker, a contractor from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan;
- Ralph Cameron, a contractor from Calgary, Alberta;
- Philp Hele-Hambly, a teacher from Montreal, Quebec;
- John R. Long, a manufacturer from Cambridge, Ontario; and
- Patricia Metivier, a Montreal journalist.
Metivier was denied accreditation to the convention, and Hambly and Long withdrew after the first ballot. The second ballot results were[7]:
| André-Gilles Fortin | 610 |
| René Matte | 317 |
| Roy Hattersley | 165 |
| Ralph Cameron | 10 |
Social Credit was dealt a further blow when Fortin was killed in a car accident on June 24, 1977, after serving only eight months as leader. Réal's son, Gilles Caouette, was named acting leader five days after Fortin's death.
In 1978, Socreds elected Lorne Reznowski as their leader, in an attempt to revive the party outside of Quebec. Reznowski, an anglophone Manitoban, presented himself as a candidate in the October 16, 1978 by-elections and fared extremely poorly (1,204 votes, only 2.76% of the 43,572 valid votes in the riding of Saint Boniface). He resigned quickly thereafter. He was replaced as acting leader by Charles-Arthur Gauthier.
[edit] Roy's leadership
Popular provincial créditiste Fabien Roy was drafted to lead Social Credit just before the 1979 election. Under Roy, the party won the tacit support of the separatist Parti Québécois, which formed the government of Quebec. Social Credit attempted to rally the separatist and nationalist vote: Canadian flags were absent at its campaign kick-off rally, and the party's slogan was C'est à notre tour ("It's our turn"), which was reminiscent of the popular separatist anthem "Gens du pays" that includes the chorus, "C'est à votre tour de vous laisser parler d'amour". The party focused its platform on constitutional change, promising to fight to abolish the federal government's never-used right to disallow any provincial legislation, and stating that each province has a "right to choose its own destiny within Canada".
Support from the PQ was not welcome by everyone; for instance, Gilles Caouette publicly denounced what he called "péquistes déguisés en créditistes" (Parti Québécois disguised as Socreds). Caouette had said that he wanted to work within the spirit and letter of Confederation: “Let us not burn our bridges. It is not the time for le Ralliement des créditistes to be separatists, but rather to win recognition for the French fact within Canada.”[8] Caouette said that he would fight for the recognition of French Canada’s aspirations within Confederation on the basis of a partnership with the other nine provinces, “But if this partnership cannot be brought about, I shall become the more ardent separatist in Quebec.”[9]
While the party did manage to somewhat increase its vote in Péquiste areas, it also lost much support in areas of traditional Socred strength, with the end result being a drop from eleven to six MPs and a slightly reduced share of the popular vote compared to the 1974 election. (See also: Social Credit Party candidates, 1979 Canadian federal election.)
[edit] Clark minority government
Joe Clark's Progressive Conservatives formed a minority government after the election. The Socreds had just enough seats to give the Tories a majority in the House had the two parties formed a coalition government or otherwise agreed to work together. Prime Minister Clark, who declared that he would govern as if he had a majority, refused to grant the small Social Credit caucus the official party status it wanted, let alone form a coalition or make concessions to the party in order to gain its votes. Clark convinced one Socred MP, Richard Janelle from Lotbinière, to leave the party and join the government caucus. In December 1979, the remaining five members of the Social Credit caucus demanded that the Conservatives amend their budget to allocate the controversial gas tax revenues to Quebec. Clark refused and the Social Credit caucus abstained in a vote on a Motion of No Confidence, causing the Conservative government to fall.
The abstention by Social Credit on the important budget vote (while the Liberals and NDP voted to bring down the government) contributed to the growing perception that the party had become irrelevant following the death of iconic leader Réal Caouette. The resulting February 18, 1980 election not only defeated the Clark government but wiped out the Socreds; their popular vote collapsed and the party ended up without any MPs.[3]
The death of the Social Credit candidate in the riding of Frontenac, Quebec, resulted in the postponement of the election in that riding to March 24, 1980. Fabien Roy sought to return to the House of Commons in that by-election, but lost to the Liberal candidate. Roy resigned as leader on November 1, 1980. The party would never again win a seat in the House of Commons.
[edit] Denouement: 1981–1993
After Fabien Roy's resignation, the party chose Martin Hattersley in 1981 as interim leader over Alberta evangelist Ken Sweigard. Hattersley was an Edmonton lawyer and former British army officer.
In the May 4, 1981 by-election in Levis, Quebec, the party nominated Martin Caya. Caya placed 6th in a field of seven candidates, winning 367 votes (1.1% of the total), ahead of renegade Socred John C. Turmel. Turmel, running as an independent, won 172 votes.
In the August 17, 1981 by-election in Quebec, party president Carl O’Malley placed 5th in a field of eight candidates, with 92 votes (0.2% of the total). Turmel won 42 votes, placing last.
Hattersley resigned in 1983 when the party would not drop from its membership three outspoken Albertans accused of anti-Semitism.
In June 1983, Sweigard was elected interim leader by means of a telephone conference call of 19 party executive members, with nine votes to five votes for party vice-president Richard Lawrence. Quebec party member Adrien Lambert was nominated, but could not be reached by telephone. He nonetheless won two votes.
When the call began, two candidates were in the race: professional gambler John Turmel of Ottawa, and tractor dealer Elmer Knutson of Edmonton, the founder of West-Fed, a western Canada separatist movement.
Turmel's candidacy was rejected on the basis that his membership had been suspended. Turmel subsequently formed the Christian Credit Party, and later, the Abolitionist Party of Canada, both based on social credit principles. Knutson failed to win endorsement because he was not well known by the members of the executive. Knutson subsequently quit the party to form the Confederation of Regions Party.
The meeting decided to appoint an interim leader until a leadership convention could be held in September 1983. This convention was deferred until June 1986, and Sweigard remained as interim leader until that time. Also in 1983, Manning retired from the Senate after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75, ending the Social Credit's representation on Parliament Hill.
In the 1984 election, the party nominated 52 candidates in 51 ridings, and collected a total of 17,044 votes (0.13% of votes cast in all ridings). Two candidates ran as Social Credit candidates in the BC riding of Prince George-Peace River. The party's strength remained in Quebec and Alberta, but also ran candidates in BC, Saskatchewan, Ontario and New Brunswick. See also: Social Credit Party candidates, 1984 Canadian federal election.
| 1984 election results | ||
| Province | № of candidates | № of votes |
|---|---|---|
| British Columbia | 8 | 3,479 |
| Alberta | 13 | 5,193 |
| Saskatchewan | 1 | 772 |
| Ontario | 6 | 865 |
| Quebec | 22 | 6,633 |
| New Brunswick | 1 | 102 |
| Total | 51 | 17,044 |
Sweigard resigned as leader in 1986. The party's leadership was subsequently won by the socially conservative Ontario evangelical minister Harvey Lainson, who defeated holocaust denier James Keegstra by 67 votes to 38 at a delegated convention in Toronto. Lainson's campaign focused on gun rights and an opposition to abortion and the metric system. (He was not affiliated with the anti-Semitic groups that endorsed Keegstra.)
The party nominated Andrew Varaday as its candidate in the 1987 Hamilton Mountain by-election. He won 149 votes (0.4% of the total), placing last in a field of six candidates, which included John Turmel (166 votes).
In the 1988 election, the party nominated nine candidates: six in Quebec, two in Ontario, and one in BC. These candidates collected a total of 3,408 votes (0.02% of votes cast in all ridings). The BC candidate, running in New Westminster-Burnaby, won 718 votes (1.3% of the total). Although the party did not nominate the 50 candidates required to obtain official party status, the Chief Electoral Officer agreed to put the party's name on the ballots for the nine candidates on the basis of its historical status as an official party.
In 1990, the remnant of the federal Social Credit party was taken over by social conservative evangelist Ken Campbell, who rechristened it the Christian Freedom Social Credit Party, and later the Christian Freedom Party.
In 1990, the party nominated two candidates in by-elections, each of whom won 96 votes. In the February 12 by-election in Chambly, Quebec, Emilian Martel placed last in a field of six, winning 0.2% of the total vote. Party leader Ken Campbell placed 7th out of 10, winning 0.4% of the total vote in the August 13 by-election in Oshawa, Ontario. John Turmel placed last with 50 votes in this race.
The party failed to nominate at least fifty candidates for the 1993 election, and was deregistered by Elections Canada on September 27, 1993. Its candidates in that election were reclassified as Independents.
Social Credit has not attempted to run candidates on the national level since then, but continued to exist as an incorporated entity in the form of the "Social Credit Party of Canada, Incorporated" under which Ken Campbell published political advocacy material in order to preserve his ministry's status as a religious charity.
[edit] Election results (1935–1988)
(These results do not include those for Union des électeurs, Independent Social Credit candidates, or the Ralliement des créditistes.)
| Election | Party leader | # of candidates nominated | # of seats won | # of total votes | % of popular vote |
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| 1935 |
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| 1949 |
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| 1953 |
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| 1957 |
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| 1958 |
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| 1962 |
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| 1963 |
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| 1965** |
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| 1968** |
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| 1972 |
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| 1974 |
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| 1979 |
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| 1980 |
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| 1984 |
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| 1988 |
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* In the 1940 election, W.D. Herridge ran a group of 17 social credit candidates as members of a party called New Democracy. In addition to the official Social Credit party, they won 3 seats and received 73,083 or 1.59% of the national vote.
** In the 1965 and 1968 elections, Quebec social crediters ran separately as the Ralliement des créditistes.
[edit] Where did the Socreds go?
Quebec Social Credit supporters were mostly social conservatives and Quebec nationalists, while western Canadian supporters were mostly socially conservative populists.
With the collapse of Social Credit in western Canada in 1968, many former members of Social Credit, including a number of MPs, joined the Progressive Conservatives. After the collapse of the party in Quebec, many of its supporters supported Brian Mulroney in his "great coalition" of western populists, Quebec nationalists, and Ontario fiscal conservatives.
Mulroney's coalition fell apart in the 1993 election. Most of the coalition's western support left the party to form the Reform Party of Canada (later the Canadian Alliance). The Quebec nationalist wing of the party left to form the Bloc Québécois.
Western social conservatives would likely have been attracted to the PC and Reform parties or the Christian Heritage Party. Quebec nationalists probably moved first to the PC Party and then Bloc Québécois. The true believers in social credit monetary theories continued to promote their beliefs through the short-lived Canada Party in the 1993 election and subsequently in the Canadian Action Party.
There have been discussions by the Alberta Social Credit Party to re-start the federal party, but ideological differences between monetary reformers and social conservatives in the party have thus far stalled such efforts.
[edit] Leaders
- John Horne Blackmore (1935–1944)[10]
- Solon Earl Low (1944–1961)
- Robert Thompson (1961–1967)
- Alexander Bell Patterson (1967–1968) acting leader
- Réal Caouette (1971–1976)
- André-Gilles Fortin (1976–1977)
- Gilles Caouette (1977–1978) acting leader
- Charles-Arthur Gauthier (1978) acting leader
- Lorne Reznowski (1978-1979)
- Charles-Arthur Gauthier (1979) acting leader
- Fabien Roy (1979–1980)
- Martin Hattersley (1981–1983)[11]
- Ken Sweigard (1983–1986) acting leader
- Harvey Lainson (1986–1990)[12]
- Ken Campbell (1990-1993)
Source:Parliament of Canada website: Party File: Social Credit Party
[edit] See also
- Canadian social credit movement
- Ralliement créditiste
- List of Social Credit/Creditistes MPs
- Social Credit Party of Alberta
- Social Credit Party of British Columbia
- Ralliement créditiste du Québec
- Manitoba Social Credit Party
- Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan
- Social Credit Party of Ontario
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Howard Palmer, "Politics, Religion and Anti-Semitism in Alberta, 1880-1950" in Anti-Semitism in Canada, History and interpretation, Alan Davies, editor, 1992, p. 185
- ^ Richard Menkis, "Antisemitism in the Evolving Nation: From New France to 1950", B'nai Brith Canada, 1999]
- ^ American Jewish Committee Archives, American Jewish Yearbook v. 64 (1963)
- ^ Globe and Mail, 11 October 1971, “Caouette retains leadership with ease on first ballot at Socred national rally”, Clair Ballone, p1.
- ^ Montreal Gazette, 6 November 1976, p. 11, “Socreds gather to elect leader Sunday”
- ^ Montreal Gazette, 4 November 1976, p. 11 “Matte sees fix of Socreds meet”
- ^ Montreal Gazette, 8 November 1976, p. 1 “Fortin takes over helm of Social Credit”
- ^ Dufresne, 2 September 1963.
- ^ Dufresne, “In the Separatist Shadow”, Globe and Mail, 3 September 1963, p. 7
- ^ Continued as Social Credit House leader until 1945 when Low was elected to parliament.[1]
- ^ Acting leader until 1982
- ^ Jim Keegstra was chosen acting leader by a meeting of party members in July 1987. Lainson and others argued that the meeting was illegitimate, and did not recognize Keegstra as leader. Keegstra was later barred from the Social Credit Party and by the Christian Freedom Social Credit Party. Source: [2] Lainson was re-confirmed as party leader later in 1987.
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