Soapy Smith

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"Jefferson Smith" redirects here. For the James Stewart character, see Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.
Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith II

Alias Soapy Smith
Born 1860
Coweta County, Georgia
Died July 8, 1898
Skagway, Alaska
Occupation confidence man, gambler, saloon proprietor
Spouse Mary Eva Noonan
Children Jefferson Randolph 1887, Mary Eva, James Luther
Parents Jefferson Randolph and Emily Dawson Edmondson

Jefferson Randolph ("Soapy") Smith II (1860-July 8, 1898) was an American con artist and gangster who had a major hand in the organized criminal operations of Denver, Colorado, Creede, Colorado, and Skagway, Alaska from 1879 to 1898. He is perhaps the most famous "sure-thing"[1] bunko man of the old west.

Contents

[edit] The development of a con man

Jefferson Smith was born in Newnan, Georgia, to a family of education and wealth. His grandfather was a plantation owner and his father a lawyer. The family met with financial ruin at the close of the American Civil War. In 1876 they moved to Round Rock, Texas, to start anew. Smith left his home shortly after the death of his mother, but not before witnessing the shooting of the outlaw Sam Bass. It was in Fort Worth, Texas, that Jefferson Smith began his career as a confidence man. He formed a small, close-knit gang of scoundrels, rogues, shills, and thieves to work for him, and soon became a well known crime boss. The "king of the frontier con men,"[2] he spent the next 22 years as a professional bunko man and leader of one of the most infamous gang of swindlers ever assembled. They became known as the Soap Gang, and included famous names like Texas Jack Vermillion and Ed "Big Ed" Burns. The gang moved from town to town, plying their trade on their unwary victims. Their principal method of separating victims from their cash was the use of short cons, swindles that are quick and need little setup and few helpers. The short cons included the shell game, three-card monte, and any game in which they could cheat.

[edit] The prize package soap sell swindle

Some time in the late 1870s or early 1880s, Smith began duping entire crowds with a ploy the Denver newspapers dubbed The Prize Package Soap Sell Swindle.

Smith would open his "tripe and keister" (display case on a tripod) on a busy street corner. Piling ordinary soap cakes onto the keister top, he began expounding on their wonders. As he spoke to the growing crowd of curious onlookers, he would pull out his wallet and begin wrapping paper money ranging from one dollar up to one hundred dollars, around a select few of the bars. He then finished each bar by wrapping plain paper around it to hide the money. He mixed the money-wrapped packages in with wrapped bars containing no money. He then sold the soap to the crowd for one dollar a cake. A shill planted in the crowd would buy a bar, tear it open, and loudly proclaim that he had won some money, waving it around for all to see. This performance had the desired effect of enticing the sale of the packages. More often than not, victims bought several bars before the sale was completed. Midway through the sale, Smith would announce that the hundred-dollar bill yet remained in the pile, unpurchased. He then would auction off the remaining soap bars to the highest bidders.

Through manipulation and sleight-of-hand, the cakes of soap wrapped with money were hidden and replaced with packages holding no cash. It was assured that the only money "won" went to members of what became known as the "Soap Gang."

Smith quickly became known as "Soapy Smith" all across the western United States. He used this swindle for twenty years with great success. The soap sell, along with other scams, helped finance Soapy's criminal operations by paying graft to police, judges, and politicians. He was able to build three major criminal empires: the first in Denver, Colorado (1886-1895), the second in Creede, Colorado (1892), and the third in Skagway, Alaska (1897-1898).

[edit] Criminal boss of Denver, Colorado

In 1879 Smith moved to Denver and began to build the first of his empires. Con men normally moved around, to keep out of jail, but as Smith's power and gang grew, so did his influence at City Hall, allowing him to remain. By 1887 he reputedly had a hand in most of the criminal bunko activities in the city. Newspapers in Denver reported that he was in complete control of the city's crime and gambling underworld and accused corrupt politicians and the police chief of being on his payroll.

[edit] Tivoli Club

In the mid 1880s Soapy opened the Tivoli Club, on the southeast corner of Market and 17th streets, a saloon and gambling hall. Legend has it that above the entrance was a sign that read "caveat emptor," Latin for Let the buyer beware. It was said that every faro table in the club in 1889 was gaffed (made to cheat). Soapy's younger brother, Bascomb Smith, joined the gang and operated a cigar store that was a front for crooked poker games and other swindles, operating in one of the back rooms. Other "businesses" included fraudulent lottery shops, a "sure-thing" stock exchange, fake watch and bogus diamond auctions, and the sale of stocks in nonexistent businesses.

[edit] Politics and other cons

Soapy's political clout was so powerful that some of the police officers patrolling the streets would not arrest him or members of his gang. If they did, a quick release from jail was easily arranged. A voting fraud trial after the municipal elections of 1889 focused attention on corrupt ties and payoffs between Soapy, the mayor, and the chief of police - a combination referred to in local newspapers as "the firm of Londoner, Farley and Smith."

Smith opened an office in the prominent Chever block, a block away from his Tivoli Club, from which he ran his many operations. This also fronted as a business tycoon's office for high-end swindles.

Soapy was not without enemies and rivals for his position as the underworld king. He faced several assassination attempts and shot several of his assailants. He became increasingly known for his gambling addiction, his bad temper and heavy drinking.

As dishonest as Smith was, he was also generous to charities, donating to numerous organizations and non-denominational churches that helped the poor.

[edit] Soapy takes over Creede, Colorado

In 1892, with Denver in the midst of anti-gambling and saloon reforms, Smith sold the Tivoli and moved to Creede, Colorado, a mining boomtown that had formed around a major silver strike. Using prostitutes, he acquired numerous lots along Creede's main street, renting them to his associates. Once having gained enough allies, he announced that he was the camp boss.

With brother-in-law and gang member William Sidney "Cap" Light as deputy sheriff, Soapy began his second empire, opening a gambling hall and saloon called the Orleans Club. He purchased and briefly exhibited a petrified man nicknamed "McGinty" for an admission of 10 cents. While customers were waiting in line to pay their dime, Soapy's shell and three-card monte games were winning dollars out of their pockets.

Smith provided an order of sorts, protecting his friends and associates from the town's council and expelling violent troublemakers. Many of the influential newcomers were sent to meet him. Soapy grew rich in the process, but again was known to give money away freely, using it to build churches, help the poor, and to bury unfortunate prostitutes.

Creede's boom very quickly waned and the corrupt Denver officials sent word that the reforms there were coming to an end. Soapy took McGinty back to Denver. He left at the right time, as Creede soon lost most of its business district in a huge fire on 5 June 1892. Amongst the buildings lost was the Orleans Club.

[edit] Back to Denver

On his return to Denver, Smith opened new businesses that were nothing more than fronts for his many short cons. One of these sold discounted railroad tickets to various destinations. Potential purchasers were told that the ticket agent was out of the office, but would soon return, and then offered an even bigger discount by playing any of several rigged games. Soapy's power grew to the point that he admitted to the press that he was a con man and saw nothing wrong with it. In 1896 he told a newspaper reporter, "I consider bunco steering more honorable than the life led by the average politician."[3]

Colorado's new governor David H. Waite, elected on a Populist Party reform platform, fired three Denver officials he felt were the main instigators of corruption in City Hall, calling out the state militia to assist. The troops brought with them two cannon and two Gatling guns. Soapy, called to assist the corrupt officeholders and police, was commissioned as a deputy sheriff and with some of his men climbed to the top of City Hall's central tower with rifles and dynamite to fend off any attackers.[4] Cooler heads prevailed, however, and the battle over corruption would be fought in the courts, not on the streets. Soapy Smith would be a key witness on the stand.

Governor Waite agreed to withdraw the militia and allow the Colorado Supreme Court to decide the case. The court ruled that the governor had authority to replace the commissioners, but he was reprimanded for bringing in the militia, in what became known as the "City Hall War."

Waite began cleaning up Denver and ordered the closure of all gambling dens, saloons and houses of ill repute. Soapy exploited the situation, using the recently acquired deputy sheriff's commissions to stage fake arrests in his own gambling houses, apprehending patrons who had lost large sums in rigged poker games. The victims were happy to leave when the "officers" allowed them to walk away from the crime scene rather than face arrest, naturally without recouping their losses.

Eventually, Soapy and his brother Bascomb became too well known, and even the most corrupt city officials could no longer protect them. Their influence and Denver-based empire began to crumble. When they were charged with attempted murder in the beating of a saloon manager, Bascomb was jailed, but Soapy managed to escape, becoming a wanted man in Colorado. Lou Blonger and his brother Sam, rivals of the Soap Gang, took over control as kingpins of the Denver criminal underworld.

Before leaving, Soapy tried to pull off a swindle started in Mexico, where he tried to convince President Porfirio Diaz that his country needed the services of a foreign legion made up of American toughs. Soapy became known as Colonel Smith, and managed to organize a recruiting office before the deal collapsed.

[edit] Skagway, Alaska and the Klondike gold rush

When the Klondike Gold Rush began in 1897, Soapy moved his operations to Skagway, Alaska. He set up his third empire much the same way as he had in Denver and Creede. He put the town's deputy U.S. Marshal on his payroll and began collecting allies for a takeover. Soapy opened a fake telegraph office in which the wires went only as far as the wall. Not only did the telegraph office obtain fees for "sending" messages, but cash-laden victims soon found themselves losing even more money in poker games with new found "friends." Soapy opened a saloon named Jeff Smith's Parlor, as an office from which to run his operations. Although Skagway already had a municipal building, Soapy's saloon became known as "the real city hall." Skagway was gaining a reputation as a "hell on earth," full of perils for the unwary.

Smith's men played a variety of roles, such as newspaper reporter or clergyman, with the intention of befriending a new arrival and determining the best way to rid him of his money. The new arrival would be steered by his "friends" to crooked shipping companies, hotels, or gambling dens, until he was wiped out. If the man was likely to make trouble or could not be recruited into the gang, Soapy himself would then appear and offer to pay his way back to civilization.[5]

When a group of vigilantes, the "Committee of 101", threatened to drive out Soapy and his gang, he formed his own "law and order society," which claimed 317 members, to force the vigilantes into submission.

During the Spanish-American War in 1898, Smith formed his own volunteer army with the approval of the U.S. War Department. Called the "Skaguay Military Company," it had Soapy as its captain. Smith wrote to President William McKinley and gained official recognition for his company, which he used to strengthen his grip on the town.

On 4 July 1898, Soapy was the hero of the day. As grand marshal of the city parade, he led his army on a gray horse. On the grandstand, he sat beside the territorial governor and other officials.

[edit] Soapy's death

Soapy Smith's grave
Soapy Smith's grave

On 7 July 1898, John Douglas Stewart, a returning Klondike miner, came to Skagway with a sack of gold valued at $2,800. Three gang members convinced the miner to participate in a game of three-card monte. When Stewart balked at having to pay his losses, the three men grabbed the sack and ran. The "Committee of 101" demanded that Soapy return the gold, but he refused, claiming that Stewart had lost it "fairly".

On the evening of 8 July 1898, the vigilantes organized a meeting on the Juneau Company wharf. With a Winchester rifle draped over his shoulder, Soapy began an argument with Frank Reid, one of four guards blocking his way to the wharf. A gunfight unexpectedly began and both men were fatally wounded.

Soapy's last words were "My God, don't shoot!"[6] Letters from J. M. Tanner, one of the guards with Reid that night, show that another guard fired the fatal shot.[7] Soapy died on the spot with a bullet to the heart. He also received a bullet in his left leg and a severe wound on the left arm by the elbow. Reid died 12 days later with a bullet in his groin and leg. His tombstone bears the epitaph "He died for the honor of Skagway." The three gang members who robbed Stewart received jail sentences, and the rest were dispersed.

Soapy Smith was buried several yards outside the city cemetery. Every year on 8 July, wakes are held around the United States in Soapy's honor.[8] His grave and saloon are on most tour itineraries of Skagway.

[edit] Popular culture

[edit] Festivals

  • Skagway, Alaska, July 8 is the annual (since 1974) Soapy Smith Wake, which is held the Eagles Hall. This event used to take place at Soapy's grave in the city cemetery but is now held in the downtown area.
  • Magic Castle, Hollywood, California, July 8 is the annual Soapy Smith Party, replete with costume contests, charity gambling, and magic shows.

[edit] Fiction

[edit] Movies

By year of release:

  • The Girl Alaska, 1919. This film is believed to be the first that has a portrayal of Soapy Smith. The film was shown in a theater in St. Louis, where Soapy's widow and son lived and caused them enough grief for them to sue the production company.
  • Honky Tonk, 1941. Actor Clark Gable portrayed Soapy Smith in this MGM film, Honky Tonk. Due to legal pressures from the descendants, the name "Soapy Smith" was changed to "Candy Johnson."
  • The Great Jesse James Raid, 1953. Actor Earl Hodgins portrays Soapy in Creede, Colorado (1892) and is involved in the murder of Bob Ford.
  • The Far Country, 1955. Actor John McIntire portrays a likable badman, clearly, but loosely based on Soapy Smith. The film, starring James Stewart, is set in Skagway, Alaska during the Klondike gold rush.
  • The Sting (prequel). This film was never produced, due to the failure of the sequel. Soapy Smith was to be portrayed as the mentor of Henry Gondorff (Paul Newman).
  • The Klondike Fever, 1980. Actor Rod Steiger portrays Soapy, in a Canadian fictional film about the Alaskan and Klondike adventures of Jack London.

[edit] Television

  • The Alaskans (1959-1960). Actor John Dehner portrayed Soapy. In one episode, Remember the Maine, the story of Soapy's army in Skagway is retold.
  • Alias Smith and Jones (1971-1972). Actor Sam Jaffe portrayed Soapy in three episodes: "The Great Shell Game" (aired February 18, 1971), "A Fistful of Diamonds" (aired March 4, 1971), and "Bad Night in Big Butte" (aired March 2, 1972).
  • Deadwood (2004-2006). Actor Gill Gayle plays "the Huckster," a prize soap package salesman based on Soapy, in all three seasons.
  • The Saga of Soapy Smith (1968). An episode on Bill Burrud's, Treasure.

[edit] Other

  • The Ballad of Soapy Smith (1983). A play by Michael Weller which premiered in Seattle, Washington, and later in New York, New York with actor Denis Arndt as Soapy.[9]
  • The Ballad of Soapy Smith (1965). A song by Al Oster, Northland Music Company (Call of Alaska, FR-1009).

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ sure-thing: slang used by confidence men; a gamble that cannot be lost. "It is a sure-thing that you will win"
  2. ^ Robertson, Frank and Beth Harris. Soapy Smith: King of the Frontier Con Men, 1963
  3. ^ The Road, 29 February 1896
  4. ^ Denver Times, 23 March 1894
  5. ^ Pierre Berton, The Klondike Fever, Knopf, 1967, p. 149
  6. ^ The Skaguay News, 15 July 1898
  7. ^ Fairbanks Daily News Miner, 23 June 1941
  8. ^ The publicized events are held at the Eagles Hall in Skagway, Alaska (since 1974), The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California (since 2004) and the White Horse Movie Ranch in Laverne, California (since 2006).
  9. ^ NY Times review of the play: [1]

[edit] References

Books:

  • Collier, William R. and Edwin V. Westrate, The Reign of Soapy Smith: Monarch of Misrule, Doubleday, Doran, 1935
  • Pullen, Harriet S., Soapy Smith Bandit of Skagway: How He Lived; How He Died, Stroller's Weekly Print, undated (early 1900s)
  • Robertson, Frank G. and Beth Kay Harris, Soapy Smith: King of the Frontier Con Men, Hastings House, 1961
  • Shea & Patten, The Soapy Smith Tragedy, The Daily Alaskan Print, 1907

[edit] External links

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