Snowboarding
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Snowboarding is a sport that involves descending a snow-covered slope on a snowboard attached to a participant's feet using a special boot set into a mounted binding. The development of snowboarding was inspired by surfing and skateboarding, and the sport shares superficial similarities with skiing. It was developed in the United States in the 1960s and the 1970s and became a Winter Olympic Sport in 1998.
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[edit] History
The first modern snowboard was arguably the Snurfer (a portmanteau of snow and surfer), originally designed by Sherman Poppen for his children in 1965 in Muskegon, Michigan. Poppen’s Snurfer started to be manufactured as a toy the following year. It was essentially a skateboard without wheels, steered by a hand-held rope, and lacked bindings, but had provisions to cause footwear to adhere.
During the 1970s and 1980s as snowboarding became more popular, true pioneers such as Dimitrije Milovich, Jake Burton Carpenter (founder of Burton Snowboards from Londonderry, Vermont), Tom Sims (founder of Sims Snowboards) and Mike Olson (GNU Snowboards) came up with new designs for boards and machineries that had slowly developed into the snowboards and other related equipment that we know today.
Dimitrije Milovich, an east coast surfer, had the idea of sliding on cafeteria trays. From this he started developing his snowboard designs. In 1972, he started a company called the Winterstick; by 1975, The Winterstick was mentioned in Newsweek magazine. The Winterstick was based on the design and feel of a surfboard, but worked the same way as skis.
In 1979 the first ever "World Snurfing Championship" was held at Pando Ski Lodge near Grand Rapids, Michigan. Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own manufacture. There were many protests from the competitors about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board. Paul Graves, the top snurfer at the time, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A modified division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant. That race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the birth of what has now become competitive snowboarding. [1][2]
Some say the first "Modern Day" Extreme Snowboarder was none other than the infamous Paul W. Primrose from San Jose California. In 1981 Paul and some friends developed the first modern day era snowboard using a Powell Peralta skateboard as a template. Paul was able to use some of his mothers kitchen hardware to develop the first step in, buckle binding. It has been said that Paul W. Primrose was the first Extreme Snowboarder of his time. Had a Xgames been available back in 1981 Paul would have hands down, won every event. Paul W. Primrose still boards to this day in the Southern California area...living in Temecula.
In 1982 the first National Snowboard race was held near Woodstock, Vermont at Suicide Six.[3]
In 1983 the first World Championship halfpipe competition was held at Soda Springs, California. Tom Sims, founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry a snowboard instructor at Soda Springs. [4]
Snowboarding's growing popularity is reflected in its recognition as an official sport: in 1985, the first World Cup was held in Zürs, Austria. The ISA (International Snowboard Association) was founded in 1994 to provide universal contest regulations. Today, high-profile snowboarding events like the Olympic Games, Winter X-Games, US Open, and other events are broadcast to a worldwide audience. Many alpine resorts are now setting up terrain parks. The sport has also had an impact in countries that are largely without snow, such as Australia.
Initially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for many years, there was animoscity between skiers and snowboarders, which lead to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud. [5] Many early snowboards were difficult to control and were banned from the slopes by park officials. In 1985, only 7% of U. S. ski areas allowed snowboarding, with a similar proportion in Europe. As equipment and skills improved, gradually snowboarding became more accepted. In 1990, most major ski areas had separate slopes for snowboarders. Now, approximately 97% of all ski areas in North America and Europe allow snowboarding, and more than half have jumps, rails and half pipes.
On March 18th, 2008 Taos Ski area officially welcomed the first snowboarders to their resort, after years of exclusion. Founder of Bonfire Snowboarding, Brad Steward, joined Transworld Snowboarding Editor in Chief Kurt Hoy, Java Fernandez, Ryan Thompson, Josh Sherman and a local advocate for the first legal turns. [6]
20% of all visitors to US ski resorts are snowboarders, and more than 3.5 million people have taken up snowboarding worldwide.
[edit] Styles
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Since snowboarding's inception as an established winter sport, it has developed various styles, each with its own specialized equipment and technique. The most common styles today are: freeride, freestyle, and freecarve/race. These styles are used for both recreational and professional snowboarding. It is important to note that while each style is unique, there is overlap between each style, and often no discernible difference. See also List of snowboard tricks.
[edit] Freeride
The freeride style is the most common and easily accessible style of snowboarding. It involves, in the most simple terms, riding down any terrain available. Freeriding may include aerial tricks and jib tricks borrowed from freestyle, or deep carve turns more common in alpine snowboarding - utilizing whatever natural terrain the rider may encounter.
Freeriding equipment usually used is a stiff boot/binding with a directional twin snowboard. Since the freeride style may encounter many different types of snow conditions, from ice to deep powder, freeride snowboards are usually longer and have a stiffer overall flex.
[edit] Freestyle
This style incorporates the rider with man-made terrain features such as rails, boxes, handrails, jumps, half pipes, quarter pipes and a myriad of other features. The intent of freestyle is to use these terrain features to perform a number of aerial or jib tricks.The terraine would include : rails,a halfpipe,and a range of different jumps and walls(a slanted wall you ride up then ride down.
The equipment used in freestyle is usually a soft boot with a twin tipped board, though freeride equipment is often used successfully. The most common binding stance used in freestyle is called "duck foot", in which the trailing foot has a negative degree of arc setup while the leading foot is in the positive range i.e. -9°/+12°. Freestyle riders who specialize in jibbing often use boards that are shorter than usual, ones that have additional flex and ones that have filed down edges.
The majority of snowboard competitions concern this style of snowboarding.
This also includes halfpipe. Halfpipe or "pipe" is a trench-like half of a tube made of snow. Boarders can do a countless number of tricks in the "pipe". Some may be rotations such as a 360, or an off axis spin like a "mctwist". Tricks can be modified while hitting different features. A spin trick involves rotating the board while it is in the air. The reason it is called a 360 is that the board spins 360 degrees (a full rotation) while in the air. Some riders enjoy jibbing, which involves grinding a rail, a box, or even a tree trunk, or simply boarding on anything that is not snow.
[edit] Freecarve / Race
Similar to skiing, this race and slalom focused style is still practiced, though infrequently. Sometimes called alpine snowboarding, or the 'euro-carve', freecarving takes place on hard-pack or groomed runs and focuses on the ultimate carving turn, much like traditional skiing. Little or no jumping takes place in this discipline. Freecarve equipment is a ski-like hardshell boot and plate binding system with a true directional snowboard that is usually very stiff and narrow to facilitate fast and responsive turns.
[edit] Safety and precautions
Snowboarding is a high speed Mountain Extreme Sport that exposes participants to different levels of danger[7]. Safety should always be taken into consideration when snowboarding or performing any outdoor activity; it also pays to be knowledgeable of basic emergency procedures[8]. It is important to take the necessary precautions before heading out. Protective gear is increasing in popularity. This is a natural progression in any high-velocity sport which has the possibility for injury. The progression of protective gear is also attributed to pro riders adopting wearing protective gear, with Shaun White being a premier competitor advertising the use of helmets. Wearing protective gear is highly recommended to all participants, beginner or advanced, due to the dangerous nature of alpine sports. The body parts most often injured in snowboarding are primarily in the upper body, notably the wrist. In addition, Snowboarder's Ankle is one of the top five most common injuries in Snowboarding and Skiing[9]. The wrists, scaphoid fractures and Colles fractures of the wrist are relatively common, with around 100,000 wrist fractures worldwide among snowboarders each year[10], tailbone, head, dependent on landing position could occur in serious brain injury, and shoulders. Avalanches are a clear danger when on snowy mountain slopes[11]. It is best to learn the different kinds of avalanches, how to prevent causing one and how to react when one is going to happen. Also when going out onto the snow, all who practice an activity with increased chances of injury should have a basic First Aid knowledge and know how to deal with injuries that you may encounter in[12].
The recommended protective safety gear includes wrist guards (as snowboarders often land on their hands and knees. Knee Ligament Injuries are number one in the list of Snowboarding and Skiing Injuries[13]. Get familiar with Medial Collateral Ligament Sprain (MCL Sprain) and , resulting in wrist breakage), padded/protected snowboard pants, and a helmet. Snowboarding boots should be well-fitted, with toes snug in the end of the boot to minimize movement. Goggles are crucial on bright days to prevent snow blindness and protect riders from temporary vision loss to eye damage from snow from impacts into terrain or obstacles. Often, snowboarders will sharpen their snowboards, and wax them prior to an upcoming season or event. Also, waxes such as Mojo wax are used to temporarily smooth out riding. Padding or "armor" is recommended on other body parts such as hips, knees, spine, and shoulders. Also, when snowboarding alone, precaution should be taken to avoid tree wells, a particularly dangerous area of loose snow that may form at the base of trees.
[edit] Films
Snowboarding films have become a main part of progression in the sport. Each season, many films are released, usually in Autumn. These are made by many snowboard specific video production companies as well as manufacturing companies that use these films as a form of advertisement. Snowboarding videos usually contain video footage of professional riders sponsored by companies. An example of commercial use of snowboarding films would be The White Album, a film by snowboarding legend and filmmaker Dave Seoane about Shaun White, that includes cameos by Tony Hawk and was sponsored by PlayStation, Mountain Dew and Burton Snowboards. Snowboarding films are also used as documentation of snowboarding and showcasing of current trends and styles of the sport.
Snowboarding films also offer professional snowboarders an opportunity to focus on a creative project as an alternative to traveling exclusively for competitions. An example of this is professional snowboarder David Benedek. His film company, Blank Paper Studios, produced the documentary 91 Words For Snow (2006) as well as a collection of short films, In Short (2007).
Snowboarding has also been the focus of numerous Hollywood feature films. An early Hollywood nod to snowboarding was in the James Bond film A View to a Kill — the opening sequence features Roger Moore as Bond eluding attackers with an improvised snowboard.
Snowboarding has also been featured in the more recent film, First Descent (2005). This movie features snowboarders Shaun White, Hannah Teter, Shawn Farmer, Nick Perata and Terje Haakonsen. First Descent documents these snowboarders heliboarding into remote locations and doing big mountain riding. This film is also a documentary on the history of snowboarding, giving the history on the first snowboarders up to those of the present day.
[edit] Magazines
Snowboard magazines are integral in promoting the sport, although less so with the advent of the internet age. Photo incentives are written into many professional riders' sponsorship contracts giving professionals not only a publicity but a financial incentive to have a photo published in a magazine. Snowboard magazine staff travel with professional riders throughout the winter season and cover travel, contests, lifestyle, rider and company profiles, and product reviews. Snowboard magazines have recently made a push to expand their brands to the online market, and there has also been a growth in online-only publications, such as SnowSphere Magazine. See also Transworld Snowboarding Magazine.
[edit] Competition
[edit] Slope Style
Competitors perform tricks while descending a course, moving around, over, across, or down terrain features. The course is full of obstacles including boxes, rails, jumps, jibs (includes anything the board or rider can slide across), and quarter pipes (a half side of a half pipe, although usually not as long or high).
[edit] Big Air
Big Air competitions are contests where riders perform tricks after launching off a man made jump built specifically for the event. Competitors perform tricks in the air, aiming to attain sizable height and distance, all while securing a clean landing. Many competitions also require the rider to do a trick to win the prize.
[edit] Half-pipe
The half-pipe is a semi-circular ditch or purpose built ramp (that is usually on a downward slope), between 12 and 24 feet (7.3 m) deep. Competitors perform tricks while going from one side to the other and while in the air above the sides of the pipe.
[edit] Boardercross
In Boardercross (also known as "Boarder X"), several riders (usually 4, but sometimes 6) race down a course similar to a motorcycle motocross track (with jumps, berms and other obstacles constructed out of snow on a downhill course). Competitions involve a series of heats, traditionally with the first 2 riders in each heat advancing to the next round. The overall winner is the rider that finishes first in the final round.
[edit] Rail Jam
A rail jam is a jib contest. Riders perform tricks on rails, boxes, pipes, wall rides, and several other creative features. Rail jams are done in a small area, usually with two or three choices of features for the rider to hit on a run. They are sometimes done in an urban setting, due to the relatively small amount of snow required. Scoring is done in the "jam" format, where every rider can take as many runs as time allows; prizes are typically awarded for best overall male and female, and best trick male and female.
[edit] Racing
The racing events are slalom, giant slalom, and super G. In slalom, boarders race downhill through sets of gates that force extremely tight turns, requiring plenty of technical skill as well as speed.
Giant slalom uses a much longer course with gates set further apart, resulting in even higher speeds. Super G is the fastest of all, with speeds of up to 45 mph (72 km/h).
[edit] Well Known Events
Some of the biggest snowboarding contests include: the U.S. Open, The Oakley Arctic Challenge, Shakedown, the West Coast Invitational, Vans Cup, X Games, The Honda Session in Vail, CO and the Chevrolet U.S. Snowboarding Grand Prix, Chevrolet Revolution Tour and Race to the Cup series. There are also many other smaller division competitions; some are listed in the USASA.
The Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour) is the largest culmination of independent freestyle events acting under one common Tour Flag. Officially recognized as the TTR World Snowboard Tour or simply ‘The TTR’, this culmination of Independent Freestyle Snowboard events has grown substantially over the last four years. Now in its sixth year, the TTR has a 10-month competition season including snowboarding events over four geographical zones. The Tour includes events like the TTR SIX(6)STAR Air & Style (Munich), The Arctic Challenge and the US Open of Snowboarding.
[edit] Language
The language of snowboarders is a collision of two opposite styles. The general tone of the language is a laid-back style, while the verbs and adjectives project a much more aggressive tone. Stomp, mob, and crank are combined with adjectives such as sick, tight, and gnarly[14]
[edit] Attitudes
Snowboarders want to project a laid-back style. This is most easily seen in their creation of the word "steezy", a combination of style and ease. The unofficial definition of the word being: having style with ease[15].
[edit] Subculture
The snowboarding way of life came about to rebel the more sophisticated way of skiing, and skiers did not easily accept this new culture on their slopes. The two cultures contrasted each other in several ways including how they spoke, acted, and their entire style of clothing. Snowboarders embraced the punk and hip-hop look into their style. It was a crossover between the urban and suburban styles onto snow, which made an easy transition from surfing and skateboarding culture over to snowboarding culture.[16]
The stereotypes of snowboarding have been known to be "lazy", "grungy", "punk", "stoners", "troublemakers", and numerous others, many of which are associated with skateboarding and surfing. However, these stereotypes may soon be considered "out of style". Snowboarding has become a sport that encompasses a very diverse crowd and fanbase, so much so that it's hard to stereotype the entire community. Reasons for these dying stereotypes include how mainstream it has become, with the shock factor of snowboarding's quick take off on the slopes wearing off. Skiers and snowboarders are becoming used to each other, showing more respect to each other on the mountain. "The typical stereotype of the sport is changing as the demographics change".[17]
[edit] References
- Hart, Lowell (1997). The Snowboard Book: A Guide for All Boarders. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-31692-0
- ^ Grand Rapids Press (Grand Rapids, Michigan): B1, B2, January 15, <http://grpress.com>
- ^ main page. Pando website. Retrieved on January 16, 2008.
- ^ Snowboard History. the beginning of Snowboarding. Retrieved on January 17, 2008.
- ^ Transworld Snowboarding. A Complete History of the Snowboard Halfpipe.
- ^ Skiers vs Snowboaders: The Dying Feud, SnowSphere.com
- ^ Transworld Snowboarding.com
- ^ Snowboarding Safety & Guidelines @ ABC-of-Snowboarding
- ^ Snowboarding Safety & Guidelines @ ABC-of-Snowboarding
- ^ Snowboarding Injuries - Snowboarder's Ankle @ ABC-of-Snowboarding
- ^ Snowboarding Injuries - Wrist Fractures @ ABC-of-Snowboarding
- ^ Snowboarding Safety - Avalanche Awareness @ ABC-of-Snowboarding
- ^ Ski Safety - First Aid for Snowboarding & Skiing @ ABC-of-Snowboarding
- ^ Snowboarding Injuries - Knee Ligament Injuries @ ABC-of-Snowboarding
- ^ Urban Dictionary: steezy
- ^ Snowboarding Dictionary - Snowboarding Terms and Definitions @ ABC-of-Snowboarding
- ^ Heino, Rebecca (2000). "New Sports: What is So Punk about Snowboarding". Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 24, 176-199. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from EBSCOHost.
- ^ BYU NewsNet - Snowboarder stereotype squelched
[edit] External links
