Snow Bunting
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| Snow Bunting | ||||||||||||||
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 Male in breeding plumage, Alaska
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| Plectrophenax nivalis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
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Passerina nivalis |
The Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), sometimes colloquially called "snowflake", is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae. It is an arctic specialist, with a circumpolar Arctic breeding range throughout the northern hemisphere. There are small isolated populations on a few high mountain tops south of the Arctic region, including the Cairngorms in central Scotland and the Saint Elias Mountains on the southern Alaska-Yukon border.[1]
The breeding habitat is on tundra, treeless moors, and bare mountains. It is migratory, wintering a short distance further south in open habitats in northern temperate areas, typically on either sandy coasts, steppes, prairies, or low mountains, more rarely on farmland stubble. In winter, it forms mobile flocks.[1]
It is fairly large and long-winged for a bunting, 15-18 cm long and with a wingspan of 32–38 cm, and weighing 26–50 g. In flight, it is easily identified by its large white wing patches. The breeding male is unmistakable, with all white plumage and a black back; the breeding female is grey-black where the male is solid black. In winter plumage, both sexes are mottled pale ginger, blackish and white above, and pale ginger and white below, with the males having more white than the females. The bill is yellow with a black tip, all black in summer males. Unlike most passerines, it has feathered tarsi, an adaptation to its harsh environment. No other passerine can winter as far north as this species apart from the Common Raven.[1][2]
The call is a distinctive rippling whistle, "per,r,r,rit" and the typical Plectrophenax warble "hudidi feet feet feew hudidi".
It builds its bulky nest in rock crevices. The eggs are blue-green, spotted brown, and hatch in 12–13 days, and the young are already ready to fly after a further 12–14 days.[2]
There are four subspecies, which differ slightly in the plumage pattern of breeding males:[1]
- Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis. Arctic Europe, Arctic North America. Head white, rump mostly black with a small area of white.
- Plectrophenax nivalis insulae. Iceland, Faroe Islands, Scotland. Head white with a blackish collar, rump black.
- Plectrophenax nivalis vlasowae. Arctic Asia. Head white, rump mostly white.
- Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi. Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, coastal far eastern Siberia. As vlasowae, but slightly larger.
It is very closely related to the Beringian McKay's Bunting, which differs in having even more white in the plumage. Hybrids between the two occur in Alaska,[1][3] and they have been considered conspecific by some authors,[4] though are generally treated separate species.[5]
The species is not endangered at present, with good populations.[6] It shows little fear of humans, and often nests around buildings in Arctic areas, readily feeding on grain or other scraps put out for it.[1]
During the last ice age, the Snow Bunting was widespread throughout continental Europe.[7]
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f Byers, C., Olsson, U., & Curson, J. (1995). Buntings and Sparrows. Pica Press ISBN 1-873403-19-4.
- ^ a b Snow, D. W. & Perrins, C. M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition. OUP ISBN 0-19-854099-X.
- ^ Sibley, D. (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. National Audubon Society ISBN 0-679-45122-6
- ^ Voous, K. (1977). List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species, part III. Ibis 119: 376-406.
- ^ American Ornithologists' Union: Checklist of North American Birds.
- ^ BirdLife International (2004). Plectrophenax nivalis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
- ^ Tomek, T., & Bocheński, Z. (2005). Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 48A (1-2): 43-65. PDF fulltext
 Adult breeding male insulae, Iceland |
 Adult winter male, England |
 Adult breeding male, Scotland |
[edit] External links
- Snow Bunting Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
- Stamps (with world range map)
- Snow Bunting videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- ARKive Images
