Slam-seeking conventions
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- This article concerns contract bridge and uses terminology associated with the game. See Contract bridge glossary for an explanation of unfamiliar words or phrases.
Slam-seeking conventions are codified artificial bids used in the card game contract bridge. Bidding and making a small slam (12 tricks) or grand slam (13 tricks) yields high bonuses ranging from 500 to 1500 points. However, the risk is also high as failure to fulfill the slam contract also means failure to score the bonus points for a game (300-500). Conventions have been devised to maximise the opportunity for success whilst minimising the risk of failure.
Contract bridge bidding systems are mainly "natural" (most bids have an obvious meaning) or "artificial" (many bids have a meaning unrelated to the denomination mentioned). However, even natural systems such as Acol find occasional need to resort to artificial means called conventions. A very common type of conventional bid is of the slam-seeking variety to be used in situations when a small slam or a grand slam appears possible but more information is needed before the optimum contract can be determined.
In order to make a small slam (grand slam) the combined strength and shape of the two hands must be sufficient to take 12 (13) tricks and the opponents must not be able to cash two (one) tricks before declarer has set up those 12 (13) tricks. It is widely considered (for example Klinger 1994 and Root 1998) that 33 high-card points are needed for making a small slam in no trumps, and 37 high card points for a NT grand slam. However, slams in a suit can be made with fewer high-card points if the two hands fit well, for example have no "wasted values", have a double fit (8+ cards in both trump suit and a side suit), have "primary values" (aces and kings) rather than "secondary" ones (jacks and queens), or are shapely (with long suits and voids or singletons). Slam seeking conventions have been devised to establish whether these conditions exist.
There are pros and cons with each convention and none are suitable in all circumstances; some are better used when a no trump contract is likely and others when a trump contract is sought. Certain groups of slam seeking conventions can be used in combination whilst others are mutually exclusive. The choice of conventions and their application to particular hands is a basic part of bridge skill.
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[edit] Blackwood
This is possibly the most widely used slam convention. A bid of 4NT is used to ask partner about the number of aces held (and trump king or even queen, in some variations); the replies are stepwise (5♣=0 or 4, 5♦=1, 5♥=2, 5♠=3). A bid of 5NT after asking for aces shows that the partnership holds all 4 aces, asks partner about kings, and shows interest in a grand slam. Blackwood is used after the combined strength of the hands has been ascertained and a trump suit has been agreed.
[edit] Gerber
This is similar to Blackwood but the initiating bid is 4♣ rather than 4NT. The responses are 4♦=0 or 4, 4♥=1, 4♠=2, and 4NT=3. Similarly, a 5♣ bid following an ace ask asks for kings. Gerber is used after NT opening bids and on other occasions by partnership agreement.
[edit] Culbertson 4–5 NT
Culbertson 4–5 NT was the first slam bidding system to gain widespread approval; it was part of the Culbertson system through the 1930s, and was part of the British Acol system for many years. After suit agreement, the bid of 4NT showed two aces and the king of a (genuine) bid suit, or three aces. Responder would make one of these bids: five of the lowest bid genuine suit to deny an ace; bid a suit (if necessary at the six level) to show the ace of that suit. Bid 5NT to show two aces. There are various subtleties, and both partners are allowed some latitude for judgement. The system is rarely used today.
[edit] Quantitative no trump bids
These are used to establish whether two relatively balanced hands have sufficient HCP. It is used only for seeking a slam in no trump, after a no trump opening bid.
[edit] Cue bid
Cue bids are a co-operative system. Cues bids are used to communicate specific controls (aces or voids, kings and singletons). Once a trump suit has been agreed and the two hands are considered to be strong enough, partners bid the lowest available suit which they control; this process continues until one of the partners has sufficient information to make the contract decision. Cue bids have been part of the Acol system from the early days.
[edit] Grand slam force
The grand slam force uses a direct bid of 5NT to query the quality of partner's trump suit. It cannot be used following Blackwood because the bid of 5NT asks for kings, but it can be used following cue bids or Gerber.
[edit] Splinter bid
Splinter bids are a variety of cue bids. Splinters are used early in the bidding to communicate a strong hand, with a fit for partner's last bid suit and a side-suit singleton. This splinter bid is a double jump in the singleton suit. Partner of the splinter bidder will then typically bid game or proceed with cue-bids to investigate the possibility of a slam.
[edit] Asking bid
Given a hand which justifies slam exploration, an Asking bid pin-points a potential weakness. As in Blackwood, one partner takes over the control and asks the other for his holding, but as in cue bids, it is related to a specific suit. The partner replies stepwise to communicate features of the queried suit. Asking bids were devised by Ely Culbertson and are an alternative to Cue bids. They are is still used in some artificial systems, such as Precision Club.
[edit] Last train
A bid just below game level, in an agreed suit, suggests the possibility of a slam.
[edit] Relay bid
Relays form a highly artificial codified scheme, where one partner takes full control early in the auction and just bids the cheapest available bids (relays), and the other describes distribution and controls in detail. The scheme based on relays, where one partner describes an absence of controls (rather than presence, as in cue bids), is known as Spiral scan, and can be combined with Blackwood, even in natural systems.
[edit] References
- The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge 6th edition. 2001 Francis, Truscott and Francis. Pub ACBL. ISBN 0-943855-44-6
