Singing
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- This article is about human song. For singing in other species, see bird song or whale song.
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with speech. During passing breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort. Exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvic muscles. Inhalation may aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles. The pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming. A piece of music with a singing part, either a cappella (without accompaniment) or accompanied, is called a song; someone who sings is called a singer. Nearly anyone who can speak can sing, since in many respects singing is merely a form of sustained speech. It can be informal and just for pleasure, for example, singing in the shower; or it can be very formal, such as singing done professionally as a performance or in a recording studio. Singing at a high amateur or professional level usually requires a great deal of regular practice, and/or instruction. Top-quality singers will have instruction and training from coaches throughout their career.
According to Alfred Alexander (formally an ENT consultant to the Home Office), "a singer is a person of adequate musicality, who is gifted with a voice of such power and beauty that competent judges can recommend singing as a career". Alexander believes that 1 in 50,000 in the UK possess such gifts, which means in England (800,000 births a year average) 16 people are born with such a voice a year, making 500 "first class voices" active in any particular generation (taken as 30 years) at any one time.[1]
Singing is often done in a group, such as a choir, and may be accompanied by musical instruments, a full orchestra, or a band. Singing with no instrumental accompaniment is called a cappella.
Classical and operatic solo singers are classified by the tessitura, vocal weight and timbre of their voices into voice types.
Choral Singers are classified by vocal range (see also musical range).
At the highest professional level it is imperative that singers continuously practice with drills, voice exercises and strengthening activities. Without constant practice, a singer's range can be significantly decreased, requiring extra rehearsal to regain the voice's previous capability, much in the same way as any professional level musician must practice constantly with their instrument. However, singing is a very natural activity[who?] and this kind of intensive practice is not usually necessary for most singers especially outside the field of classical music and where amplification is available, or for semi-professional singers[who?].
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[edit] Techniques
- See also Vocal technique.
A vocal warm-up is usually required before the vocal cords are expected to perform at their full potential. Numerous exercises have been devised to facilitate this warm-up, such as the popular "Bumblebee Don't Sting Me" exercise in diatonic thirds. Proper breathing technique is also a key factor in singing correctly.
Human voice is usually considered to have at least three voice registers; ranging from lowest to highest, they are the: abdominal register, head register, and falsetto. (The whistle register, comprising the highest notes that a human voice can reach, is also often considered a proper register, although individuals who are able to use it well are fairly rare.) Some singers choose to remain in a single range (usually the chest register) throughout a piece, but many will switch between these different ranges in order to produce a wide range of pitches, or even simply for effect. Yodeling is a technique that requires rapidly switching between at least two different registers many times in the same phrase, producing a distinct high-low-high-low sound.
Most singing involves shaping the voice to form words, but types of voice instrumental music which use open sounds or nonsense syllables ("vocalizes") also exist, for instance, scat singing and yodeling. Solfege assigns certain syllables to the notes of the scale.
[edit] Vibrato
Vibrato is a technique used by singers (and many instrumentalists; for instance, string instruments that are played with a bow can produce vibrato tones) in which a sustained note actually wavers very quickly and consistently between a higher and a lower pitch, giving the note a slight quaver. Vibrato is the pulse or wave in a sustained tone. Vibrato may be developed through extensive vocal exercises, demonstrated in vocal training programs.
Vibrato adds richness to the tone. Faster vibratos are possible without perceived "damage" to the note as the frequency of the note increases. Slow vibrato is necessary for low frequencies in order to allow the full waveform to propagate before altering its frequency.
Vibrato is the result of proper breath support. Some singers use vibrato as a means of expression. Many successful artists have built a career on deep, rich vibrato ability. Pop Diva, R&B and Folk musician Devendra Banhart often uses vibrato in his voice to imbue his songs with a haunting feeling.
[edit] Melisma
A melisma occurs when a singer switches pitch while singing the same syllable. It is used heavily in baroque vocal music, as well as to a somewhat lesser extent in popular music. Singers especially noted for their use of this are Christina Aguilera, David Ruffin, Mariah Carey, Amy Lee, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Kelly Clarkson, Anastacia Beyoncé Knowles and Patti Labelle..
[edit] Health effects
Singing is considered by some to have positive effects on peoples' health. A preliminary study based on self-reported data from a survey of students participating in choral singing found perceived physical benefits including increased lung capacity, improved mood, stress reduction, as well as perceived social and spiritual benefits.[2] However, one much older study of lung capacity compared those with professional vocal training to those without, and failed to back up the claims of increased lung capacity.[3]
Singing may positively influence the immune system through the reduction of stress. One study found that both singing and listening to choral music reduces the level of stress hormones and increases immune function.[4]
[edit] See also
- Belt (music)
- Group singing
- Opera
- Rapping
- Death growl
- Screaming (music)
- Recitative
- Sprechgesang
- Throat singing
- Vocoder
- Voice pedagogy
- Voice projection
[edit] References
- ^ Page 26, Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides - Voice, Edited by Sir Keith Falkner, ISBN 0-356-09099-X
- ^ [1] S.M. Clift & G. Hancox, "The perceived benefits of singing", The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, Vol. 121, No. 4, 248-256 (2001)
- ^ [2] Stanley S. Heller, William R. Hicks, & Walter S. Root, "Lung volumes of singers" J Appl Physiol 15: 40-42, 1960.
- ^ [3] Gunter Kreutz, Stephan Bongard, Sonja Rohrmann, Volker Hodapp, & Dorothee Grebe "Effects of Choir Singing or Listening on Secretory Immunoglobulin A, Cortisol, and Emotional State", Journal of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 27, No. 6, Dec. 2004.
