Sindarin

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Sindarin
Edhellen
Created by: J. R. R. Tolkien 
Setting and usage: Fantasy world of Arda
Total speakers: —
Category (purpose): constructed languages
 artistic languages
  languages of Middle-earth
   Quendian
    Eldarin
     Telerin
      Sindarin 
Category (sources): a priori language, but relative to the other Elvish languages
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: art
ISO 639-3: sjn
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Sindarin is an artificial language developed by J. R. R. Tolkien. In Tolkien's mythos, it was the Elvish language most commonly spoken in Middle-earth in the Third Age. It was the language of the Sindar, those Teleri which had been left behind on the Great Journey of the Elves. It was derived from an earlier language called Common Telerin. Although the Telerin spoken in Aman remained relatively close to Quenya, Sindarin diverged significantly, so that it was now about as far from Quenya as Brithenig is from Italian. When the Noldor returned to Middle-earth, they adopted the Sindarin language, although they believed their native Quenya more beautiful. Sindarin shared common roots with Quenya, and the two languages had many similar words. Sindarin was said to be more changeful than the older tongue, however, and there were a number of regional 'dialects' of the tongue. The Sindarin spoken in Doriath, known as the Doriathrin dialect, was said to be the highest and most noble form of the language.

Before the downfall, most of the Men of Númenor also spoke the language. Knowledge of it was kept in the Númenórean exile realm of Gondor, especially amongst the learned. Sindarin is the language referred to as the Elven-tongue in The Lord of the Rings.

Tolkien originally imagined that the language which would become Sindarin was spoken by the Noldor (second clan of Elves). However, Tolkien later decided that it was the language of the Sindar. For this reason it is called Noldorin in the older material, such as the Etymologies. When Noldorin became Sindarin, it also adopted some features of the originally unrelated language Ilkorin. Tolkien based the sound and some of the grammar of his Noldorin/Sindarin on Welsh, and Sindarin displays some of the consonant mutations that characterise the Celtic (especially Brythonic) languages. The language was also probably influenced to an extent by the Germanic languages, as Tolkien was a scholar of Old English, Old Norse and Gothic.

Within the fiction Sindarin was written in the Cirth alphabet prior to the return of the Noldor to Middle-earth, but afterwards it was usually written in Tengwar.

In the real world the language is usually written in the Latin alphabet, representing a transcription from the "original Tengwar" or "original Cirth". Some Tolkien enthusiasts write in Cirth or Tengwar, using specialized fonts or the Unicode proposal in the ConScript Unicode Registry, but most neo-Sindarin samples are written in the Latin alphabet.

Contents

[edit] Phonology

Sindarin was designed to have a Welsh-like sound phonology. It has most of the same sounds and a similar sound structure, or phonotactics.

[edit] Consonants

  Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lateral
Plosive p  b   t  d     k³ g  
Nasal m   n     ŋ 4  
Fricative f  v θ  ð1 s ɬ²   x5 h
Trill     r̥ 6 r        
Approximant       l j ʍ7  w  
  1. written <th> and <dh> respectively
  2. written <lh>
  3. written <c>
  4. written <ng>
  5. written <ch>
  6. written <rh>
  7. written <wh>

/f/ is voiced to [v] when final or before /n/.

[edit] Vowels

Monophthongs

Vowels Front Back
Close i y u
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

[edit] Other orthographic notes

Letter IPA Notes
i j, i Represents [j] when initial before vowels, [i] everywhere else.
ng ŋ, ŋg Represents [ŋ] when final, [ŋg] everywhere else.
ph f, ff Represents [f] when final, [ff] everywhere else.

An accent signifies a long vowel (á, é, etc). In a monosyllabic word, a circumflex is used (â, ê, etc). However, for practical reasons, users of the ISO Latin-1 character set often substitute ý for ŷ, as ISO Latin-1 does not have a character for ŷ, only ý and ÿ.

Diphthongs are ai (pronounced like aisle [aɪ]), ei (day [eɪ]), ), ui (too young) or (ruin) [uɪ]), and au (cow [aʊ]), ). If the last diphthong finishes a word, it is spelt aw. There are also diphthongs ae and oe with no English counterparts; if one does not care about the details,[citation needed] Tolkien recommended to substitute ai and oi, respectively. If one does care, it is similar to pronouncing a or o respectively in the same syllable as one pronounces an e (as in pet), or to German ei and eu/äu respectively.[citation needed]

In archaic Sindarin, there was a vowel similar to German ö (IPA: [œ]), which Tolkien mostly transcribed as œ (usually not as oe as is often found in publications like The Silmarillion, cf. Nírnaeth Arnoediad [read: Nírnaeth Arnœdiad], Goelydh [read: Gœlydh]). This vowel later came to be pronounced ɛ and is therefore transcribed as such [sc. Gelydh].

Archaic Sindarin also had a spirant m or nasal v (IPA: [ɱ]), which was transcribed as mh (though always pronounced [v] in later Sindarin).

[edit] Grammar

Sindarin is mainly analytic, though traits of its highly inflected progenitor can still be seen.

[edit] Nouns

[edit] Pluralization

Sindarin plurals are characterised by i-mutation. The Sindarin term for this is prestanneth (disturbance, affection). Almost all Sindarin nouns form their plurals like English man/men and goose/geese — by changing the vowels in the word. They are due to the Primitive Elvish plural marking -ī (still in Quenya as -i) making the other vowels higher and fronter in a sort of vowel harmony, but then the final -ī was lost, leaving the altered medial vowels behind: singular tulus > primitive plural tulussī > tylyssī > tylys. This feature of Sindarin clearly shows the influence of the Celtic languages (especially Welsh) and Old English on the language (see Affection (linguistics) and Germanic umlaut). The plural patterns are:

  • In non-final syllables:
    • a > e — galadh > gelaidh
    • e > e — bereth > berith
    • o > e — nogoth > negyth
    • u > y — tulus > tylys
    • y > y — (no example available)
  • In final syllables:
    • a with one consonant following > ai — aran > erain
    • a with consonant cluster following #1 > e — narn > nern
    • a with consonant cluster following #2 > ai — cant > caint (nasal & plosive)
    • a with consonant cluster following #3 > ei — alph > eilph (liquid & fricative)
    • â > ai — tâl > tail
    • e > i — adaneth > edenith
    • ê > î — hên > hîn
    • i > i — brennil > brennil
    • î > î — dîs > dîs
    • o > y — brannon > brennyn
    • ó > ý — bór > býr
    • ô > ŷ — thôn > thŷn
    • u > y — urug > yryg
    • û > ui — hû > hui
    • y > y — ylf > ylf
    • ý > ý — mýl > mýl
    • au > oe — naug > noeg (cf. German au > äu)
    • aea > ei - aear > eir (presumably changed further to air as is common at the end of Sindarin words; "a" actually changes to "ei" before "ai")

Note that ai can sometimes become î (or, less commonly, ý).

[edit] Class plural

Sindarin also has several suffixes which denote a so-called class plural. For example, -ath indicates a group of something, e. g. elenath from elen (an archaic form of êl), meaning star, and -ath. It means a group of stars or all the stars in the sky. Another ending, -rim, is used to indicate a race, e. g. nogothrim from nogoth — dwarf and -rim, meaning the race of dwarves. The ending -hoth is generally used in an unfriendly sense, e. g. gaurhoth from gaur — werewolf and -hoth, meaning werewolf-host.

[edit] Mutation

Sindarin has a complex series of mutations. There are three main different types of mutations: soft mutation (or lenition), nasal mutation and stop (occlusive) mutation. Additionally, a mixed mutation is also observed after certain particles or prepositions. Finally, it is presumed that Sindarin also once had what we could call an archaic spirantal mutation (also sometimes called liquid mutation by scholars). It is still uncertain whether this mutation is still productive or if it only occurs in ancient constructs.

Initial mutations must not be confused with assimilations that may occur in compound words (such as, for instance, in the names Araphor, Arassuil and Caradhras).

The following table outlines how different consonants are affected by the different mutations.

Basic Soft Nasal Mixed Stop Liquid
b v m b b v
c g ch g ch ch
d dh n d d dh
g ' ng g g '
h ch ch h ch ch
lh thl 'l 'l thl 'l
m v m m m v
p b ph b b ph
rh thr 'r 'r thr 'r
s h s h s s
t d th d th th

Here the apostrophe indicates elision.

Words beginning in b-, d-, or g- which descend from older mb-, nd-, or ng- are affected differently by the mutations:

Basic Soft Nasal Mixed Stop Liquid
b m mb mb mb b
d n nd nd nd d
g ng g g g g

Take, for example, the deictic article i, which triggers soft mutation. When added to a word like tâl, it becomes i dâl. In Sindarin's phonological history, t became d in the middle of a word. Because i tâl at the time was considered one word, the t became d, and thus i dâl. However, without the article the word is still tâl.

Mutation is triggered in various ways:

  • Soft mutation, the most widely occurring mutation, is triggered by the singular article i, the prefixes athra-, ath-, go-, gwa-, ú-, and u-, as well as the prepositions ab, am, adel, be, dad, di, na, nu, and î, and after avo. It also affects the second element in a compound, an adjective following a noun, and the object of a verb.
  • Nasal mutation is triggered by the plural article in, and the prepositions an, dan, and plural 'nin.
  • Mixed mutation is triggered by the genitive article en, and the prepositions ben, erin, nan, 'nin, and uin (with a singular word; when there is a plural the mutation is Nasal, as in aglar 'ni Pheriannath "glory to-the Halflings").
  • Stop mutation is triggered by the prepositions ed, ned, and o(d).
  • Liquid mutation is presumably triggered by the preposition or.

[edit] Pronouns

Pronouns are perhaps the most poorly attested feature of Sindarin. What has been reconstructed by the comparative method is largely conjectural and is not agreed upon, and therefore will not be addressed in this article.

Sindarin pronouns, like those in English, still maintain some case distinction. Sindarin pronouns have nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative forms.

  First Person Second Person Third Person
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative im e
Accusative nin #men le (resp.) le (resp.) den di
hain (inanim.)
Genitive nín mín (subi. vín) lín tîn (subi. dîn)
Dative enni (refl. anim) ammen
Enclitic (with nouns) –(e)n –(e)mir, du. –(e)nc –(e)g/–(e)l –(e)lir –(e)d –(e)nt

[edit] Verbs

Sindarin verbs are also quite complex. The number of attested verbs in Sindarin is small, so the Sindarin verb system is imperfectly known; no verb has a full paradigm of forms available. There are two main types of verbs: basic and derived. Basic verbs have stems which end in a consonant, and derived verbs have stems which incorporate some sort derivational morpheme (such as a causative ending) which ends in -a.

[edit] Basic verbs

Basic verbs, though smaller in number than derived verbs, have a very complex conjugation which arises from Sindarin's phonological history.

Basic verbs form the infinitive by adding -i: giri from gir-. This ending causes an a or o in the stem to umlaut to e: blebi from blab-. Sindarin does not use infinitive forms very often, and rather uses the gerund to achieve the same meaning.

For all persons except the third person singular, the present tense is formed by the insertion of -i, and the proper enclitic pronominal ending: girin, girim, girir. As with the infinitive, -i causes an a or o in the stem to umlaut to e: pedin, pedim, pedir, from pad-. The third person singular, because it has a zero-ending, does not require the insertion of -i. This leaves the bare stem, which, because of Sindarin's phonological history, causes the vowel of the stem to become long: gîr, blâb, pâd.

The past tense of basic verbs is very complicated and poorly attested. One common reconstructed system is to use -n: darn. However, the only time this -n actually remains is after a stem in -r. After a stem ending in -l, -n becomes -ll: toll. After -b, -d, -g, -v, or -dh, it is metathesized and then assimilated to the same place of articulation as the consonant it now follows. The consonant then experiences what could be called a "backwards mutation": -b, -d, and -g become -p, -b, and -c, and -v and -dh become -m and -d. The matter is complicated even further when pronominal endings are added. Because -mp, -mb, -nt, -nd, and -nc did not survive medially, they become -mm-, -mm-, -nn-, -nn-, and -ng. In addition, past tense stems in -m would have -mm- before any pronominal endings. Because this all may seem rather overwhelming, look at these examples which show step-by-step transformations:

  • cab- > **cabn > **canb > **camb > camp, becoming camm- with any pronominal endings.
  • ped- > **pedn > **pend > pent, becoming penn- with any pronominal endings.
  • dag- > **dagn > **dang (n pronounced as in men) > **dang (n pronounced as in sing) > danc, becoming dang- with any pronominal endings.
  • lav- > **lavn > **lanv > **lanm > **lamm > lam, becoming lamm- before any pronominal endings.
  • redh- > **redhn > **rendh > **rend > rend, becoming renn- before any pronominal endings.

The future tense is formed by the addition of -tha. An -i is also inserted between the stem and -tha, which again causes a and o to umlaut to e. Endings for all persons except for the first person singular can be added without any further modification: giritham, blebithar. The first person singular ending -n causes the -a in -tha to become -o: girithon, blebithon, pedithon.

The imperative is formed with the addition of -o to the stem: giro!, pado!, blabo!.

[edit] Derived verbs

Derived verbs have a much less complex conjugation because they have a thematic vowel (usually a) which reduces the number of consonant combinations which occur.

The infinitive is formed with -o, which replaces the -a of the stem, e. g. lacho from lacha-.

The present tense is formed without modification to the stem. Pronominal endings are added without any change, except with the first person singular enclintic -n, where the final vowel becomes an o, e.g. renion < renia - I wander.

The past tense is formed with the ending -nt, which becomes -nne with any pronominal endings, e. g. erthant, erthanner.

The future tense is formed with -tha. With the addition of the first person singular -n, this becomes -tho.

The imperative is formed like the infinitive.

[edit] Dialects

During the First Age there were several dialects of Sindarin:

With the exception of Doriathrin, the dialects were changed under Noldorin influence, and adopted many Quenya features, as well as unique sound changes devised by the Noldor (who loved changing languages). The distinct dialects disappeared after the Noldor and Sindar were dispersed during the later Battles of Beleriand. In the refuges on the Isle of Balar and the Mouths of Sirion a new dialect arose among the refugees, which mainly took after Falathrin. During the Second Age and Third Age Sindarin was a lingua franca for all Elves and their friends, until it was displaced as the Common tongue by Westron, a descendant of Adûnaic which was heavily influenced by Sindarin. In Gondor, Sindarin was still spoken, but very little in daily use, and it had a heavy accent; a Gondorian speaking Sindarin would sound somewhat like an Englishman speaking French; a warning Orcs! in Sindarin Yrch!, would be [yrx] proper, [irk] Gondorian.

Sindarin is actually a Quenya term, a dative form meaning to the Sindar. The Sindarin word was likely to have been Edhellen ("Elvish").

[edit] See also

For a list of words relating to in Sindarin, see the Sindarin language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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