Siege of Namur (1692)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Siege of Namur (1692)
Part of the Nine Years' War
Siege of Namur, June 1692 by Martin Jean-Baptiste le vieux
Date 25 May–1 July 1692 Location Namur, Spanish Netherlands (Present-day Belgium) Result French victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of France	Kingdom of Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Dutch Republic
Commanders
King Louis XIV, Marquis de Vauban Duc de Boufflers	Duke of Barbançon, Menno van Coehoorn
Strength
120,000[1] 151 guns	~6,000
Casualties and losses
7,000 killed or wounded	4,000 killed or wounded

v • d • e Theatres of the Nine Years' War Nine Years' War – Williamite War in Ireland – King William's War

v • d • e Nine Years' War Bantry Bay – Walcourt – Fleurus – Beachy Head – Staffarda – Mons – Cuneo – Leuze – 1st Namur – Barfleur-La Hogue – Steenkirk – Lagos – Landen – Marsaglia – Charleroi – Brest – Torroella – 2nd Namur – Barcelona

The Siege of Namur, 25 May–1 July 1692, was a major siege of the Nine Years' War. The siege and subsequent capture of Namur was part of the French grand plan (devised over the winter of 1691–92) to defeat the forces of the Grand Alliance and bring a swift conclusion to the war. The siege is particularly notable for the involvement of the two great military engineers of the period: Vauban, who directed the siege, and the Dutchman, Menno van Coehoorn, who defended the citadel.

Namur, sitting on the confluence of the Meuse and Sambre rivers, was a considerable fortress, and was a significant political and military asset. The investment began on 25 May; by 5 June the town had surrendered to French forces. The citadel, however, managed to hold on until 1 July until it too capitulated, bringing an end to the 37-day siege. The assault was costly: the French suffered some 7,000 casualties, compared to the defenders 4,000.

With the fall of Namur both the Allied commander, King William III, and his French counterpart, King Louis XIV, sought battle in the field. Concerned that the Anglo-Dutch King planned to recapture the stronghold, Louis ordered his commander-in-chief, the duc de Luxembourg, to join battle with the Allies. The two armies subsequently met on 3 August at the Battle of Steenkerque.

Contents 1 Background 2 Siege 2.1 Fall of the town 2.2 Fall of the citadel 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 References 5.1 Primary 5.2 Secondary

[edit] Background

As in 1691, five large armies were created for the five major fronts of the war: Flanders, the Moselle, the Rhine, Piedmont, and Roussillon. To these was added a further force in Flanders to attack what was to be France’s major goal for 1692, the important Sambre–Meuse fortress of Namur. The capture of the fortress would not only give control of the vicinity to France, but it might also inspire the Dutch to make peace; if its capture did not lead to immediate talks, however, it would nevertheless be an important pawn at any future negotiations.^[2]

To deter William from marching to the town’s relief, Louis arranged for a simultaneous landing in England to assist King James II in his attempt to regain his throne. This force consisted of 12,000 Catholic Irish troops, released after the conclusion of the Irish war under the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, supported by a similar number of French troops. However, an essential preliminary to the invasion was the acquisition of naval supremacy in the English Channel.^[3]

[edit] Siege

Louis, accompanied by individuals of the court (including the poet and dramatist Jean Racine), left Versailles for Flanders on 10 May. French cavalry invested the town on the night of 25–26 May; the main army arrived the following day. The French forces were even larger than Louis had gathered for the Siege of Mons the previous year: the besieging army amounted some 60,000 men and 151 guns; the duc de Luxembourg’s army of observation – designed to prevent William coming to Namur’s assistance – also had about 60,000 men. Namur’s garrison, under the command of the Duke of Barbançon, totalled approximately 6,000.^[4]

[edit] Fall of the town

The Siege of Namur in 1692 was a particularly notable operation of King Louis’ reign. First, the action involved the two great military engineers of the day: Vauban, who oversaw the siege, and the Dutch engineer, Menno van Coehoorn, who directed the defences of the stronghold. Second, the location and topography of the position made the siege particularly challenging. The actual town of Namur sat on low, flat land on the north bank of the Sambre, dominated by heights on all sides. But by reason of the position of its citadel (a complex of fortifications occupying the height on the south bank between the confluence of the Sambre and Meuse), it was one of the strongest frontiers in Flanders.^[5]

Vauban had secretly reconnoitred Namur the year before and managed to draw up plans of the town’s defences. Guided by these drawings, the French constructed lines of circumvallation, and positioned several large, well-equipped batteries; trenches for three lines of advance opened on the night of 29–30 May.^[4] William, meanwhile, moved his forces southwest closer to Namur, whilst Luxembourg moved his army of observation east from Gembloux to Longchamps, north of the town. William hoped to bring Luxembourg to battle on the Mehaigne, but the rain-swollen river had made a crossing impossible.

Most of the garrison of Namur were Spanish troops, weak and in poor condition.^[6] The garrison managed a small sortie to reinforce a battery covering the main town, but it met with limited success. Offering little resistance the town capitulated on 5 June, at which time it was agreed there would be a truce until the morning of 7 June. During this respite the garrison crossed over to the citadel complex, and the French entered the town. It was also agreed that during the rest of the siege the Allies would not fire down on the town from the heights, and, for their part, the French would not attack the citadel from that direction. In his memoirs, Jean Martin de la Colonie, a participant of the siege wrote, "It was through ignorance of the true state of the fortifications that these articles were agreed to, as it is only from the town side that the fortress could be taken, the rest being almost impregnable."^[6]

[edit] Fall of the citadel

The river Sambre separates the citadel and the town; the weakest side of the citadel lies along this river, but due to the terms of the truce signed at the surrender of the town, the French could not attack from this direction. The section of the citadel overlooking the Meuse is on a rocky height and is inaccessible and impossible to attack.^[7] The key to the citadel, therefore, was Fort William (named after William of Orange who had built it), positioned to the west of the other main strongpoints. It was in this direction that the French were obliged to attack, (see map).

The first task for the attackers was to take the outlying redoubt of La Cachotte, which covered the approaches to Fort William. The trench was opened on 8 June; a major assault – consisting of seven battalions, accompanied by the Kings’ Musketeers – followed on 12 June.^[4] La Cachotte fell, and Vauban turned to seizing Fort William.

Coehoorn personally directed the defence of the fort. The fort was well sited, just over the crest of the rise, obscuring the stronghold from the attackers until they were almost upon it, and masking its walls from artillery fire.^[8] French sappers approached from two directions, but the recent heavy rain had made the whole operation extremely difficult. In a dramatic gesture, Coehoorn ordered his own grave dug to symbolise his commitment to defend the position to the end, but although his grave was not needed, the Dutch engineer was wounded in the head by a shell that killed his valet.^[8] The final assault on Fort William came on 22 June; despite Coehoorn’s resolute defence, he and the 200 men who had garrisoned the fort, capitulated. Vauban greeted his rival the next day, consoling him that at least he had had, " … the honour of being attacked by the greatest king in the world." To which Coehoorn replied that his real consolation was in the fact that he had forced his great rival to move his siege batteries seven times during the assault.^[8]

Due to the heavy rain the roads had become virtually impassable, greatly restricting the supply of ammunition to the French gun batteries.^[7] Saint-Simon writes, "It sometimes took as much as three days to move a cannon from one battery to another. The wagons were unusable, and shells, cannon-balls, etc., had to be transported on mules and horses … Without them nothing would have been possible."^[9] But the surrounding country, much of it woodland, provided so little forage that the French were forced to feed their animals on leaves and branches, resulting in many losses.

Hampered in this way, and lacking ammunition, Vauban had sought permission from the King to renege on their earlier treaty and attack the citadel from the side of the town; an act that, in Vauban’s opinion, would be less disgraceful than raising the siege.^[10] However, after Fort William fell, the other works did not hold out long. The final capitulation came on 30 June; the remainder of the garrison left on 1 July. To Saint-Simon, who was at the siege, this came none too soon for the besiegers, " … whose strength and provisions were nearly exhausted on account of the continual rain that had turned everything to a quagmire."^[11]

[edit] Aftermath

Louis and his entourage left Namur on 2 July and reached Versailles two weeks later. The King ordered Te Deums of thanksgiving for the victory, but in the words of historian John Wolf, he may have neglected the work of his engineers when he wrote, "the gloire of so great a victory belong to God alone …"^[12] But although Louis had secured a great victory at Namur, the proposed descent on England was a failure. Defeat at the Battle of La Hogue in early June had denied the French naval superiority in the English Channel, thus ending any hopes of a landing. The Irish troops destined for England marched off to the Rhineland; the French troops joined the army in Flanders or were deployed to coastal defence.

Luxembourg waited while Namur was put into a state of defence before decamping on 8 July, following William towards Nivelles. News arrived at Versailles that William was planning the recapture of Namur as soon as the Allied commander could assemble his army.^[13] Louis wrote to Luxembourg, urging him to " … march with speed … and fight him before he can establish his trenches [before Namur] … "^[13] On 1 August William moved to Halle. William, like Louis, also sought battle, and on 3 August he surprised and attacked Luxembourg near the village of Steenkerque. The issue was not completely decisive – both sides could claim a victory of sorts – but William did leave the field in French hands, thus ending the Allied threat to Namur.^[13] Little of note happened in the remainder of the campaign before they went into winter quarters.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

[edit] Primary

• La Colonie, Jean Martin de. The Chronicles of an Old Campaigner, (trans. W. C. Horsley), (1904)
• Saint-Simon. Memoirs: 1691–1709 vol. i. Prion Books Ltd., (1999). ISBN 1-85375-352-1

[edit] Secondary

• Childs, John. Warfare in the Seventeenth Century. Cassell, (2003). ISBN 0-304-36373-1
• Lynn, John A. The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714. Longman, (1999). ISBN 0-582-05629-2
• Wolf, John B. Louis XIV. Panther Books, (1970). ISBN 0-586-03332-7