Sicarius (genus)

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Six-eyed sand spiders

Six-eyed sand spider

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Family:	Sicariidae
Genus:	Sicarius Walckenaer, 1847

Diversity

21 species

Species

see article

Sicarius is a genus of venomous spiders, the best known being the six-eyed sand spider of southern Africa.

1 Habitat and appearance
2 Venom components and effects
3 Species
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] Habitat and appearance

Sicarius are desert spiders that live in the Southern Hemisphere, in (South America and Africa), known primarily for their self-burying behavior. All have six eyes arranged in three groups of two (diads). Sicarius resembles the crab spiders of the family Thomisidae and lacks the characteristic violin-shaped marking of their cousins, the recluse spiders. Individual Sicarius can live for as much as 15 years, which makes these among the longest-lived araneomorphae spiders (some tarantulas can live well over 20-30 years), and can live for very long times without food or water.

[edit] Venom components and effects

The spiders of this genus (along with the recluse spiders) have potent tissue-destroying venoms containing the dermonecrotic agent, sphingomyelinase D, which is otherwise found only in a few pathogenic bacteria. This venom is highly necrotic in effect, capable of causing lesions (open sores) as large as a US quarter. The genus Sicarius may have more toxic venom than Loxosceles (particularly the African species), based on laboratory experiments with rabbits. Sicariids are found in barren deserts and are able to bury themselves partially in the sand. Because of this, humans seldom come in contact with them. The females produce egg sacs covered with a mixture of sand and silk. The genus is considered to be a living fossil in that it is both quite primitive and distributed in parts of the former Gondwanaland, the huge southern continent that separated during the Mesozoic. One example of this genus is the six-eyed sand spider, S. hahni, whose bite is capable of major systemic damage (and is often deadly^{[citation needed]}). However, bites by this spider are rare.

A U.S. patent (number 6,998,389) has been awarded for a means for using Sicariidae venom as a treatment for cancer. [1]

[edit] Species

Sicarius albospinosus Purcell, 1908 (South Africa)
Sicarius crustosus (Nicolet, 1849) (Chile)
Sicarius damarensis Lawrence, 1928 (Namibia)
Sicarius deformis (Nicolet, 1849) (Chile)
Sicarius dolichocephalus Lawrence, 1928 (Namibia)
Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849) (Chile)
Sicarius gracilis (Keyserling, 1880) (Peru)
Sicarius hahni (Karsch, 1878) (Namibia)
Sicarius lanuginosus (Nicolet, 1849) (Chile)
Sicarius minoratus (Nicolet, 1849) (Chile)
Sicarius nicoleti (Keyserling, 1880) (Chile)
Sicarius patagonicus Simon, 1919 (Argentina)
Sicarius peruensis (Keyserling, 1880) (Peru)
Sicarius rubripes (Nicolet, 1849) (Chile)
Sicarius rugosus (F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1899) (El Salvador, Costa Rica)
Sicarius rupestris (Holmberg, 1881) (Argentina)
Sicarius spatulatus Pocock, 1900 (South Africa)
Sicarius terrosus (Nicolet, 1849) (Chile, Argentina, Peru)
- Sicarius terrosus yurensis Strand, 1908 (Peru)
Sicarius testaceus Purcell, 1908 (South Africa)
Sicarius tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1936) (Brazil)
Sicarius utriformis (Butler, 1877) (Galapagos Is.)