Short chronology timeline
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The ancient Near East |
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Regions and States |
Mesopotamia • Sumer • Akkadian Empire • Babylonia • Assyria Persia • Elam • Medes • Achaemenid Empire |
Archaeological Periods |
Chronology • Bronze Age • Bronze Age collapse • Iron Age |
Languages |
Assyriology • Cuneiform script Sumerian • Elamite • Akkadian • Hittite • Hurrian • Urartian |
Literature |
Sumerian literature • Babylonian literature • Hittite texts |
Mythology |
Mesopotamian mythology • Babylonian mythology • Hittite mythology |
Other topics |
Cuneiform law • Babylonian law • Assyrian law |
The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC - 1686 BC and the sack of Babylon to 1531 BC.
The absolute 2nd millennium BC dates resulting from this decision currently have a majority (though not unanimous) support in academia, although the middle chronology (reign of Hammurabi 1792 BC - 1750 BC) is commonly encountered in older literature.
Contents |
[edit] Early Bronze Age
Estimation of absolute dates becomes possible in the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC. For the first half of the 3rd millennium, only very rough chronological matching of archaeological dates with written records is possible.
[edit] Kings of Ebla
The city-states of Ebla and Mari contested for power at this time. Eventually, under Irkab-Damu, Ebla defeats Mari for control of the region just in time to face the rise of Uruk and Akkad. After years of back and forth, bla is destroyed by the Akkadian Empire. Pottery seals of the Egyptian pharoh Pepi I have been found in the wreckage of the city. [1]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Igrish-Halam | circa 2300 BC | |
Irkab-Damu | Contemporary of Iblul-Il of Mari | |
Ar-Ennum or Reshi-Ennum | ||
Ibrium or Ebrium | Contemporary of Tudiya of Assyria (treaty) | |
Ibbi-Sipish or Ibbi-Zikir | Son of Ibrium | |
Dubuhu-Ada | Ebla destroyed by Naram-Sin or Sargon of Akkad |
[edit] Sumer
- Further information: Sumerian king list
- Third Dynasty of Uruk
- Further information: Uruk
Lugal-zage-si of Umma briefly rules from Uruk after defeating Lagash, eventually falling to the emerging Akkadian Empire. [2]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Lugal-zage-si | 2295 BC – 2271 BC | Defeats Urukagina of Lagash and is in turn defeated by Sargon of Akkad |
- Dynasty of Akkad
- Further information: Akkad
Since Akkad (or Agade), the capital of the Akkadian Empire has not yet been found, available chronological data comes from outlying locations like Elba, Tell Brak, Nippur, Susa and Tell Leilan. Clearly, the expansion of Akkad came under the rules of Sargon and Naram-sin. The last king of the empire, Shar-kali-sharri managed to mostly hold things together but upon his death, the empire fragmented. Finally, the city of Akkad itself is destroyed by the Guti. [3] [4] [5]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Sargon | 2270 BC – 2215 BC | |
Rimush | 2214 BC – 2206 BC | Son of Sargon |
Man-ishtishu | 2205 BC – 2191 BC | Son of Sargon |
Naram-sin | 2190 BC – 2154 BC | Grandson of Sargon |
Shar-kali-sharri | 2153 BC – 2129 BC | Son of Naram-sin |
Irgigi | ||
Nanum | ||
Imi | ||
Ilulu | ||
Dudu | 2125 BC – 2104 BC | |
Shu-Durul | 2104 BC – 2083 BC | City of Akkad falls to the Guti |
- Gutian Kings
- Further information: Gutian dynasty of Sumer
First appearing in the area during the reign of Sargon of Akkad, the Guti became a regional power after the decline of the Akkadian Empire following Shar-kali-sharri. The dynasty ends with the defeat of the last king, Tirigan, by Uruk. Only a handful of the Guti kings are attested to by inscriptions, aside from the Sumerian king list. [6]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Erridupizir | 2141 BC – 2138 BC | Royal inscription at Nippur |
Imta or Nibia | 2138 BC – 2135 BC | |
Inkishush | 2135 BC – 2129 BC | First Gutian ruler on the Sumerian king list |
Sarlagab | 2129 BC – 2126 BC | |
Shulme | 2126 BC – 2120 BC | |
Elulmesh or Silulumesh | 2120 BC – 2114 BC | |
Inimabakesh | 2114 BC – 2109 BC | |
Igeshaush or Igeaus | 2109 BC – 2103 BC | |
Yarlagab or Yarlaqaba | 2103 BC – 2088 BC | |
Ibate | 2088 BC – 2085 BC | |
Yarlangab or Yarla | 2085 BC – 2082 BC | |
Kurum | 2082 BC – 2081 BC | |
Apilkin or Habil-kin or Apil-kin | 2081 BC – 2078 BC | |
La-erabum | 2078 BC – 2076 BC | Mace head inscription |
Irarum | 2076 BC – 2074 BC | |
Ibranum | 2074 BC – 2073 BC | |
Hablum | 2073 BC – 2071 BC | |
Puzur-Suen | 2071 BC – 2064 BC | Son of Hablum |
Yarlaganda | 2064 BC – 2057 BC | Foundation inscription at Umma |
Si-um or Si-u | 2057 BC – 2050 BC | Foundation inscription at Umma |
Tirigan | 2050 BC – 2050 BC | Contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk |
- Second Dynasty of Lagash
- Further information: Lagash
Following the collapse of the Akkadian Empire after Shar-kali-sharri of Akkad under pressure from the invading Gutians, Lagash gradually regained prominence. As a client state to the Gutian Kings, Lagash was extremely successful, peaking under the rule of Gudea. After the last Gutian King, Tirigan, was defeated, by Utu-hengal, Lagash came under the control of Ur under Ur-Namma. [7] Note that there is some indication that the order of the last two rulers of Lagash should be reversed. [8]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Lugalushumgal | ||
Puzer-Mama | ||
Ur-Utu | ||
Ur-Mama | ||
Lu-Baba | ||
Lugula | ||
Kaku or Kakug | ||
Ur-Bau or Ur-baba | 2093 BC – 2080 BC | |
Gudea | 2080 BC – 2060 BC | Son-in-law of Ur-baba |
Ur-Ningirsu | 2060 BC – 2055 BC | Son of Gudea |
Pirigme or Ugme | 2055 BC – 2053 BC | Grandson of Gudea |
Ur-gar | 2053 BC – 2049 BC | |
Nammahani | 2049 BC – 2046 BC | Grandson of Kaku, defeated by Ur-Namma |
- Fifth Dynasty of Uruk
- Further information: Uruk
Uniting various Sumerian city-states, Utu-hengal frees the region from the Gutians. Note that the Sumerian king list records a preceding 4th Dynasty of Uruk which is as yet unattested. [9]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Utu-hengal | 2055 BC – 2048 BC | Appoints Ur-Namma as governor of Ur |
- Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance)
In an apparently peaceful transition, Ur came to power after the end of the reign of Utu-hengal of Uruk, with the first king, Ur-Namma, solidifying his power with the defeat of Lagash. By the dynasty's end with the destruction of Ur by Elamites and Shimashki, the dynasty included little more than the area around Ur. [10][11] [12]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Ur-Namma or Ur-Engur | 2047 BC – 2030 BC | Defeated Nammahani of Lagash; Contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk |
Shulgi | 2029 BC – 1982 BC | Possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC[13] |
Amar-Suena | 1981 BC – 1973 BC | Son of Shulgi |
Shu-Suen | 1972 BC – 1964 BC | |
Ibbi-Suen | 1963 BC – 1940 BC | Son of Shu-Suen |
[edit] Middle Bronze Age
The Old Assyrian / Old Babylonian period (20th to 15th centuries)
- First Dynasty of Isin
- Further information: Isin
After Ishbi-Erra of Isin breaks away from the declining Third Dynasty of Ur under Ibbi-Suen, Isin reaches its peak under Ishme-Dagan. Weakened by attacks from the upstart Babylonians, Isin eventually falls to its rival Larsa under Rim-Sin I.[14][15]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Ishbi-Erra | 1953 BC – 1921 BC | Contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur III |
Shu-ilishu | 1920 BC – 1911 BC | Son of Ishbi-Erra |
Iddin-Dagan | 1910 BC – 1890 BC | Son of Shu-ilishu |
Ishme-Dagan | 1889 BC – 1871 BC | Son of Iddin-Dagan |
Lipit-Eshtar | 1870 BC – 1860 BC | Contemporary of Gungunum of Larsa |
Ur-Ninurta | 1859 BC – 1832 BC | Contemporary of Abisare of Larsa |
Bur-Suen | 1831 BC – 1811 BC | Son of Ur-Ninurta |
Lipit-Enlil | 1810 BC – 1806 BC | Son of Bur-Suen |
Erra-imitti or Ura-imitti | 1805 BC – 1799 BC | |
Enlil-bani | 1798 BC – 1775 BC | Contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon |
Zambiya | 1774 BC – 1772 BC | Contemporary of Sin-Iqisham of Larsa |
Iter-pisha | 1771 BC – 1768 BC | |
Ur-du-kuga | 1767 BC – 1764 BC | |
Suen-magir | 1763 BC – 1753 BC | |
Damiq-ilishu | 1752 BC – 1730 BC | Son of Suen-magir |
- Kings of Larsa
- Further information: Larsa
The chronology of the Kingdom of Larsa is based mainly on the Larsa King List (Larsa Dynastic List), the Larsa Date Lists, and a number of royal inscriptions and commercial records. The Larsa King List was compiled in Babylon during the reign of Hammurabi, conqueror of Larsa. It is suspected that the list elevated the first several Amorite Isinite governors of Larsa to kingship so as to legitimize the rule of the Amorite Babylonians over Larsa. After a period of Babylonian occupation, Larsa briefly breaks free in a revolt ended by the death of the last king, Rim-Sin II.[16] [17] [18]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Naplanum | 1961 BC – 1940 BC | Contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur III |
Emisum | 1940 BC – 1912 BC | |
Samium | 1912 BC – 1877 BC | |
Zabaia | 1877 BC – 1868 BC | Son of Samium, First royal inscription |
Gungunum | 1868 BC – 1841 BC | Gained independence from Lipit-Eshtar of Isin |
Abisare | 1841 BC – 1830 BC | |
Sumuel | 1830 BC – 1801 BC | |
Nur-Adad | 1801 BC – 1785 BC | Contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon |
Sin-Iddinam | 1785 BC – 1778 BC | Son of Nur-Adad |
Sin-Eribam | 1778 BC – 1776 BC | |
Sin-Iqisham | 1776 BC – 1771 BC | Contemporary of Zambiya of Isin, Son of Sin-Eribam |
Silli-Adad | 1771 BC – 1770 BC | |
Warad-Sin | 1770 BC – 1758 BC | Possible co-regency with Kudur-Mabuk his father |
Rim-Sin I | 1758 BC – 1699 BC | Contemporary of Irdanene of Uruk, Defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon, Brother of Warad-Sin |
Hammurabi of Babylon | 1699 BC – 1686 BC | Official Babylonian rule |
Samsu-iluna of Babylon | 1686 BC – 1678 BC | Official Babylonian rule |
Rim-Sin II | 1678 BC – 1674 BC | Killed in revolt against Babylon |
- First Babylonian Dynasty (Dynasty I)
Following the fall of the Ur III Dynasty, the resultant power vacuum was contested by Isin and Larsa, with Babylon and Assyria later joining the fray. In the second half of the reign of Hammurabi, Babylon became the preminent power, a position it largely maintained until the sack by Mursili I in 1531 BC. Note that there are no contemporary accounts of the sack of Babylon. It is inferred from much later documents.[19] [20]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Sumu-abum or Su-abu | 1830 BC – 1817 BC | Contemporary of Ilushuma of Assyria |
Sumu-la-El | 1817 BC – 1781 BC | Contemporary of Erishum I of Assyria |
Sabium or Sabum | 1781 BC – 1767 BC | Son of Sumu-la-El |
Apil-Sin | 1767 BC – 1749 BC | Son of Sabium |
Sin-muballit | 1748 BC – 1729 BC | Son of Apil-Sin |
Hammurabi | 1728 BC – 1686 BC | Contemporary of Zimri-Lim of Mari, Siwe-palar-huppak of Elam and Shamshi-Adad I |
Samsu-iluna | 1686 BC – 1648 BC | Son of Hammurabi |
Abi-eshuh or Abieshu | 1648 BC – 1620 BC | Son of Samsu-iluna |
Ammi-ditana | 1620 BC – 1583 BC | Son of Abi-eshuh |
Ammi-saduqa or Ammisaduqa | 1582 BC – 1562 BC | Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa |
Samsu-Ditana | 1562 BC – 1531 BC | Sack of Babylon |
- Hittite Old Kingdom
The absolute chronology of the Hittite Old Kingdom hinges entirely on the date of the sack of Babylon. In 1531 BC, for reasons that are still extremely unclear, Mursili I marched roughly 500 miles from Aleppo to Babylon, sacked it, and then promptly returned home, never to return. Other than that event, all the available chronological synchronisms are local to the region in and near Anatolia.
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Pusarruma | ||
Labarna I | ||
Hattusili I or Labarna II | 1586 BC – 1556 BC | Grandfather of Mursili I |
Mursili I | 1556 BC – 1526 BC | Sacked Babylon in reign of Samsu-Ditana of Babylon |
Hantili I | 1526 BC – 1496 BC | |
Zidanta I | 1496 BC – 1486 BC | |
Ammuna | 1486 BC – 1466 BC | Son of Hantili I |
Huzziya I | 1466 BC – 1461 BC | Son of Ammuna |
[edit] Late Bronze Age
- Further information: Bronze Age collapse
The Middle Assyrian period (14th to 12th centuries)
- Third Babylon Dynasty (Kassite)
The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-Iluna of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. Some undetermined amount of time after the fall of Babylon, the Kassites established a new Babylonian dynasty. The Babylonian king list identifies 36 kings reigning 576 years, however, only about 18 names are legible. A few more were identified by inscriptions. There is some confusion in the middle part of the dynasty because of conflicts between the Synchronistic Chronicle and Chronicle P. The later kings are well attested from kudurru steles. Relative dating is from sychronisms with Egypt, Assyria and the Hittites. The dynasty ends with the defeat of Enlil-nadin-ahi by Elam. [21] [22] [23] [24]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Agum II or Agum-Kakrime| | ||
Burnaburiash I | Treaty with Puzur-Ashur III of Assyria | |
Kashtiliash III | ||
Ulamburiash | Conquers the first Sealand dynasty | |
Agum III | ||
Karaindash | Contemporary of Amenophis III of Egypt | |
Kadashman-harbe I | ||
Kurigalzu I | ||
Kadashman-Enlil I | 1374 BC – 1360 BC | Contemporary of Amenophis III of the Egyptian Amarna letters |
Burnaburiash II | 1359 BC – 1333 BC | Contemporary of Akhenaten and Ashur-uballit I |
Kara-hardash | 1333 BC | Grandson of Ashur-uballit I of Assyria |
Nazi-Bugash or Shuzigash | 1333 BC | |
Kurigalzu II | 1332 BC – 1308 BC | Son of Burnaburiash II, Fought Battle of Sugagi with Enlil-nirari of Assyria |
Nazi-Maruttash | 1307 BC – 1282 BC | Contemporary of Adad-nirari I of Assyria |
Kadashman-Turgu | 1281 BC – 1264 BC | Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites |
Kadashman-Enlil II | 1263 BC – 1255 BC | Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites |
Kudur-Enlil | 1254 BC – 1246 BC | |
Shagarakti-Shuriash | 1245 BC – 1233 BC | Son of Kudur-Enlil |
Kashtiliashu IV | 1232 BC – 1225 BC | Contemporary of Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria |
Enlil-nadin-shumi | 1224 BC | Assyria installed governor |
Kadashman-Harbe II | 1223 BC | Assyria installed governor |
Adad-shuma-iddina | 1222 BC – 1217 BC | Assyria installed governor |
Adad-shuma-usur | 1216 BC – 1187 BC | Contemporary of Ashur-nirari III of Assyria |
Meli-Shipak II | 1186 BC – 1172 BC | |
Marduk-apla-iddina I | 1171 BC – 1159 BC | |
Zababa-shuma-iddin | 1158 BC | |
Enlil-nadin-ahi | 1157 BC – 1155 BC | Defeated by Shutruk-Nahhunte of Elam |
- Mitanni
Perhaps because the capital of Mitanni, Washukanni, has not yet been found, there are no available king lists, year lists, or royal inscriptions. Fortunately, a fair amount of diplomatic, Hittite, and Assyrian sources exist to firm up the chronology. Having become powerful under Shaushtatar, Mitanni eventually falls into the traditional trap of dynasties, the contest for succession. Tushratta and Artatama II both claim the kingship and the Hittites and Assyrians take advantage of the situation. After that, Mitanni was no longer a factor in the region. [25] [26]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Kirta | ca. 1500 BC | |
Parshatatar or Parrattarna | Son of Kirta | |
Shaushtatar | Contemporary of Idrimi of Alalakh, Sacks Ashur | |
Artatama I | Treaty with Pharoah Thutmose IV of Egypt, Contemporary of Pharoah Amenhotep II of Egypt | |
Shuttarna II | Daughter marries Pharoah Amenhotep III of Egypt in his year 10 | |
Artashumara | Son of Shutarna II, brief reign | |
Tushratta | ca. 1350 BC | Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites and Pharoahs Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV of Egypt, Amarna letters |
Artatama II | Treaty with Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites, ruled same time as Tushratta | |
Shuttarna III | Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites | |
Shattiwaza | Mitanni becomes vassal of the Hittite Empire | |
Shattuara I | Mittani becomes vassal of Assyria under Adad-nirari I | |
Wasashatta | Son of Shattuara I |
- Assyrian Middle Kingdom
Long a minor player, after the defeat of its neighbor Mitanni by the Hittites, Assyria rises to the ranks of a major power under Ashur-uballit I. The period is marked by conflict with rivals Babylon and the Hittites as well as diplomatic exchanges with Egypt, in the Amarna letters. Note that after the excavation, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, of various Neo-Assyrian documents, such as the Assyrian king list, scholars assumed that the chronological data for earlier Assyrian periods could be taken as accurate history. That view has changed over the years and the early Assyrian chronology is being re-assessed. Since there is yet no consensus, the traditional order and regnal lengths will be followed. [27] [28] [29]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Eriba-Adad I | 1380 BC – 1353 BC | |
Ashur-uballit I | 1353 BC – 1318 BC | Contemporary of Burnaburiash II of Babylon and Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites |
Enlil-nirari | 1317 BC – 1308 BC | Fought Battle of Sugagi with Kurigalzu II of Babylon, Son of Ashur-uballit I |
Arik-den-ili | 1307 BC – 1296 BC | |
Adad-nirari I | 1295 BC – 1264 BC | Contemporary of Shattuara I and Wasashatta of Mitanni |
Shalmaneser I | 1263 BC – 1234 BC | Son of Adad-nirari I |
Tukulti-Ninurta I | 1233 BC – 1197 BC | Contemporary of Kashtiliashu IV of Babylon |
Ashur-nadin-apli | 1196 BC – 1194 BC | Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I |
Ashur-nirari III | 1193 BC – 1188 BC | Contemporary of Adad-shuma-usur of Babylon and Son of Ashur-nadin-apli |
Enlil-kudurri-usur | 1187 BC – 1183 BC | Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I |
Ninurta-apal-Ekur | 1182 BC – 1180 BC | |
Ashur-Dan I | 1179 BC – 1134 BC | Son of Ninurta-apal-Ekur |
- Hittite New Kingdom
Beginning under his father, Suppiluliuma I brought the Hittites from obscurity into an empire that lasts for almost 150 years. The Hittite New Kingdom reaches it's height after the defeat of Mitanni, an event which ironically leads to the rise of Assyria. The dynasty ends with the destruction of Hattusa by parties undetermined but which may have included the Sea People and the Kaskians. [30] [31] [32] [33]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Tudhaliya III | 1360 BC – 1344 BC | Son of Tudhaliya II |
Suppiluliuma I | 1344 BC – 1322 BC | Son of Tudhaliya III, Contemporary of Tushratta of Mitanni |
Arnuwanda II | 1322 BC – 1321 BC | Son of Suppiluliuma I |
Mursili II | 1321 BC – 1295 BC | Son of Suppiluliuma I; Mursili's eclipse |
Muwatalli II | 1295 BC – 1272 BC | Son of Mursili II, Battle of Kadesh in year 5 of Ramses II of Egypt, |
Mursili III or Urhi-Teshub | 1272 BC – 1267 BC | Son of Muwatalli II |
Hattusili III | 1267 BC – 1237 BC | Treaty in year 21 of Ramses II of Egypt, Contemporary of Shalmaneser I of Assyria & Kadashman-Turgu of Babylon |
Tudhaliya IV | 1237 BC – 1209 BC | Son of Hattusili III, Battle of Nihriya |
Arnuwanda III | 1209 BC – 1207 BC | Son of Tudhaliya IV |
Suppiluliuma II | 1207 BC – 1178 BC | Son of Tudhaliya IV, Fall of Hattusa |
- Kings of Ugarit
- Further information: Ugarit
A client state of Mitanni and later the Hittites, Ugarit was nonetheless a significant player in the region. While regnal lengths and an absolute chronology for Ugarit are not yet available, the known order of kings and some firm synchronisms make it reasonably placeable in time. The fall of Ugarit has been narrowed down to the range from the reign of Pharoah Merneptah to the 8th year of Pharoah Rameses III of Egypt. This is roughly the same time that Hattusa is destroyed. [34] [35]
Ruler | Proposed reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Ammittamru I | ca. 1350 BC | |
Niqmaddu II | Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites | |
Arhalba | ||
Niqmepa | Treaty with Mursili II of the Hittites, Son of Niqmadu II, | |
Ammittamru II | Contemporary of Bentisina of Amurru, Son of Niqmepa | |
Ibiranu | ||
Niqmaddu III | ||
Ammurapi | ca. 1200 BC | Contemporary of Chancellor Bay of Egypt, Ugarit is destroyed |
[edit] Iron Age
- Further information: Neo-Hittite
The Early Iron Age (12th to 7th centuries BC). The chronology here is well established and not subject to the long/short distinction.
- Middle-Assyrian period
The 12th to 11th centuries fall into the Early Iron Age, but are still counted as belonging to the Middle Assyrian period:
- Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Assyrian empire rises to become the dominant power in the ancient Near East for over two centuries. This occurs despite the efforts of various other strong groups that existed in this period, including Babylon, Urartu, Damascus, Elam, and Egypt. [36] [37] [38]
Ruler | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Adad-nirari II | 912 BC – 891 BC | |
Tukulti-Ninurta II | 890 BC – 884 BC | Son of Adad-nirari II |
Assur-nasir-pal II | 883 BC – 859 BC | Son of Tukulti-Ninurta II |
Shalmaneser III | 858 BC – 824 BC | Battle of Qarqar |
Shamshi-Adad V | 823 BC – 811 BC | Treaty with Marduk-zakir-sumi I of Babylon |
Adad-nirari III | 810 BC – 783 BC | Regent Shammu-ramat |
Shalmaneser IV | 782 BC – 773 BC | Son of Adad-nirari III |
Ashur-Dan III | 772 BC – 755 BC | Eclipse on June 15 763 BC |
Ashur-nirari V | 754 BC – 745 BC | |
Tiglath-Pileser III | 744 BC – 727 BC | Contemporary of Nabonassar of Babylon |
Shalmaneser V | 726 BC – 722 BC | Contemporary of Rusas I of Urartu |
Sargon II | 721 BC – 705 BC | Contemporary of Marduk-apla-iddina II of Babylon |
Sennacherib | 704 BC – 681 BC | Contemporary of Shutruk-Nahhunte II of Elam |
Esarhaddon | 680 BC – 669 BC | Contemporary of Pharoah Taharqa of Egypt |
Assurbanipal | 668 BC – 631 BC |
- Babylon
- Further information: Kings of Babylon
Dynasties IV to X of Babylon (post-Kassite):
Ruler | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Marduk-kabit-ahhešu | 1155-1146 BC | Dynasty IV, from Isin |
Itti-Marduk-balatu | 1146-1132 BC | |
Ninurta-nadin-šumi | 1132-1126 BC | |
Nabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadnezzar I) | 1126-1103 BC | |
Enlil-nadin-apli | 1103-1100 BC | |
Marduk-nadin-ahhe | 1100-1082 BC | |
Marduk-šapik-zeri | 1082-1069 BC | |
Adad-apla-iddina | 1069-1046 BC | |
Marduk-ahhe-eriba | 1046 BC | |
Marduk-zer-X | 1046-1033 BC | |
Nabu-šum-libur | 1033-1025 BC | |
Simbar-šipak | 1025-1008 BC | Dynasty V |
Ea-mukin-šumi | 1008 BC | |
Kaššu-nadin | 1008-1004 BC | |
Eulma-šakin-šumi | 1004-987 BC | Dynasty VI |
Ninurta-kudurri-usur | 987-985 BC | |
Širiqti-šuqamunu | 985 BC | |
Mar-biti-apla-usur | 985-979 BC | Dynasty VII |
Nabu-mukin-apli | 979-943 BC | Dynasty VIII |
Ninurta-kudurri-usur | 943 BC | Dynasty IX |
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina | 943-c.920 BC | |
Šamaš-mudammiq | c.920-900 BC | |
Nabu-šuma-ukin | 900-888 BC | |
Nabu-apla-iddina | 888-855 BC | |
Marduk-zakir-šumi I | 855-819 BC | |
Marduk-balassu-iqbi | 819-813 BC | |
Baba-aha-iddina | 813-811 BC | |
5 kings | 811-c.800 BC | |
Ninurta-apla-X | c.800-c.790 BC | |
Marduk-bel-zeri | c.790-c.780 BC | |
Marduk-apla-usur | c.780-769 BC | |
Eriba-Marduk | 769-761 BC | |
Nabu-šuma-iškun | 761-748 BC | |
Nabonassar (Nabu-nasir) | 748-734 BC | From this point on, the Babylonian chronology is securely known via Ptolemy's Canon of Kings and other sources. |
Nabu-nadin-zeri | 734-732 BC | |
Nabu-šuma-ukin II | 732 BC | |
Nabu-mukin-zeri | 732-729 BC | Dynasty X, Assyrian rule |
Tiglath-Pileser III | 729-727 BC | |
Shalmaneser V | 727-722 BC | |
Marduk-apla-iddina II | 722-710 BC | the Biblical Merodach-Baladan |
Šarrukin (Sargon) II of Assyria | 710-705 BC | |
Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria | 705-703 BC | |
Marduk-zakir-šumi II | 703 BC | |
Marduk-apla-iddina II | 703 BC | (restored) |
Bel-ibni | 703-700 BC | |
Aššur-nadin-šumi | 700-694 BC | son of Sennacherib of Assyria |
Nergal-ušezib | 694-693 BC | |
Mušezib-Marduk | 693-689 BC | Assyrian Sack of Babylon, 689 BC; Babylon is rebuilt by Esarhaddon of Assyria in the 670s BC |
Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria | 689-681 BC | |
Aššur-ahha-iddina (Esarhaddon) of Assyria | 681-669 BC | |
Šamaš-šum-ukin | 668-648 BC | son of Esarhaddon |
Kandalanu | 648-627 BC | |
Sin-shumu-lishir | 626 BC | Only parts, included the city Babylon. |
Sinsharishkun | ca. 627 BC - 620 | Lost control over Babylonia fast. |
- Classical Antiquity
For times after Assurbanipal (died 627 BC), see:
- Median Empire (728 – 549 BC), see List of Kings of the Medes
- Neo-Babylonian Empire (626 – 539 BC)
- Achaemenid Empire (550 – 330 BC)
The Hellenistic period begins with the conquests of Alexander the Great in 330 BC.
[edit] Notes
- ^ A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla, Alfonso Archi, Maria Giovanna Biga, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 55, 2003, pp. 1-44
- ^ Sumerian and Akkadian Royal Inscriptions: Presargonic Inscriptions, Jerold S. Cooper, Eisenbrauns, 1986, ISBN 094049082X
- ^ The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization, H. Weiss et al, Science, Aug 20, pp. 995-1004, 1993
- ^ [1]Historical Perception in the Sargonic Literary Tradition. The Implication of Copied Texts, Rosetta 1, pp 1-9, 2006
- ^ The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334-2113), Douglas R. Frayne, University Of Toronto Press, 1993, ISBN 0802005934
- ^ Reallexikon der Assyriologie by Erich Ebling, Bruno Meissner, 1993, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 311003705X
- ^ Gudea and His Dynasty, Dietz Otto Edzard, 1997, University of Toronto Press ISBN 0802041876
- ^ [2] The Calendar of Neo-Sumerian Ur and Its Political Significance, Magnus Widell, University of Chicago, 2004
- ^ A Sumerian reading-book, C.J Gadd, The Clarendon Press, 1924
- ^ The Ancient Near East: C.3000-330 B.C. By Amélie Kuhrt, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0415167620
- ^ Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC) by Douglas Frayne, University of Toronto Press, 1997, ISBN 0802041981
- ^ [3]The ruling family of Ur III Umma. A Prosopographical Analysis of an Elite Family in Southern Iraq 4000 Years ago, J.L. Dahl, UCLA disertation, 2003
- ^ [4] "Ancient Eclipses and Dating the Fall of Babylon", Boris Banjevic, Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade No. 80 (2006), 251 - 257
- ^ [5] Kings of Isin Year Names
- ^ The Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595), Douglas R. Frayne, University Of Toronto Press, 1990, ISBN 0802058736
- ^ [6]The Rulers of Larsa, M. Fitzgerald, Yale University Disertation, 2002
- ^ Larsa Year Names, Marcel Segrist, Andrews University Press, 1990, ISBN 0943872545
- ^ Chronology of the Larsa Dynasty, E.M. Grice , C.E. Keiser, M. Jastrow, AMS Press, 1979, ISBN 0404602746
- ^ [7] Chronicle of early kings at Livius.org
- ^ [8] The Proclamation of Telipinu
- ^ The Collapse of a Complex State, A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon 1683-1597 B.C., Seth Richardson, dissertation, Columbia University, 2002
- ^ Materials and Studies For Kassite History, J. A. Brinkman, The Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago, 1976
- ^ The Kassites of Ancient Mesopotamian: Origins, Politics, and Culture, Walter Sommerfield, vol 2 of J. M. Sasson ed. "Civilizations of the Ancient Near East", Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995
- ^ The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology, Albrecht Goetze, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1964, pp. 97-101
- ^ [9] Pharaoh and his Brothers, S Jakob
- ^ Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East, Trevor Bryce, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 041525857X
- ^ Comments on the Nassouhi Kinglist and the Assyrian Kinglist Tradition, J.A. Brinkman, Orientalia N.S 42, 1973
- ^ Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC, A.K. Grayson, University of Toronto Press, 1987, ISBN 0802026052
- ^ The Chronology of Ancient Assyria Re-assessed, B. Newgrosh, JACF, vol. 08, pp. 78-106, 1999
- ^ [10] Bryce, T., 'The 'Eternal Treaty' from the Hittite perspective', BMSAES 6 (2006), 1-11
- ^ [11] Sürenhagen, D., 'Forerunners of the Hattusili-Ramesses treaty', BMSAES 6 (2006), 59-67
- ^ Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. EISENBRAUNS, 2003, ISBN 1575060795
- ^ Hittite Diplomatic Texts, G Brinkman, Scholars Press, 1999, ISBN 0788505513
- ^ Handbook of Ugaritic Studies, edited by Wilfred G. E. Watson and Nicolas Wyatt, Brill, 1999, ISBN 9004109889
- ^ The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, Marguerite Yon, Eisenbrauns, 2006, ISBN 1575060299
- ^ Landscape and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, T. J. Wilkinson, E. B. Wilkinson, J. Ur, M. Altaweel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Nov 2005
- ^ [12] Neo-Assyrian Eponym List - Livius.org
- ^ [13] Empires and Exploitation: The Neo-Assyrian Empire, P Bedford, WA Perth, 2001
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Chronology at the Crossroads: The Late Bronze Age in Western Asia, Bernard Newgrosh, Troubador Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1906221626
- The Kingdom of the Hittites. (New Edition.), Trevor Bryce, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0199281327
- A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC, Marc Van De Mieroop, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006, ISBN 1405149116
- Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City, Gwendolyn Leick, Penguin , 2003, ISBN 0140265740
- H.Gasche, J.A.Armstrong, S.W.Cole and V.G.Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon (1998).
[edit] External links
- Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
- Chronicles at Livius.org
- Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
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