Shiv Sena

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Shiv Sena
Leader	Bal Thackeray
Founded	1966
Headquarters	Sena Bhavan, Mumbai
Alliance	National Democratic Alliance
Political ideology	Hindutva (Hindu nationalism) and Bhumiputra
Publications	'Saamnaa'[3]
Website	http://shivsena.org/
See also the politics of India series

Shiv Sena (Devanāgarī: शिव सेना Śīv Senā), meaning Army of Shiva, referring to Shivaji, is a Hindu nationalist, ^[1][2][3][4] political party in India founded on June 19, 1966 by Bal Thackeray, who is currently the chief of the party, while son, Uddhav Thackeray, is president. The Sena's ideology is based on the concepts of 'Bhumiputra' (Marathi for "Sons of the Soil") and Hindutva or Hindu nationalism. The 'Bhumiputra' ideology refers to the Shiv Sena's belief that Maharashtrians (Marathi People) deserve more rights in Maharashtra than those who are not from Maharashtra.^[5] However, in recent times, the Sena has laid more emphasis on Hindutva. In the 13th Lok Sabha (1999-2004), it had 15 (out of 545) members. During that period, the party was part of the National Democratic Alliance, which ruled at the national level. Manohar Joshi, a Shiv Sainik, was the Speaker of Lok Sabha 2002-2004. The Shiv Sena also ruled the Maharashtra state in its past and is one of the most influential Hindutva parties in the region.

Bharatiya Kamgar Sena ("Indian Worker's Army"), a labour union, is affiliated to the Shiv Sena. The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena ("All India Students' Army") is the student wing of Shiv Sena.

Contents 1 History 2 Party structure 3 Achievements of the Shiv Sena 3.1 Shiv Sena and industry 3.2 Claims of benefits to Maharashtrians 3.3 Dharavi emancipation 3.4 Improvements in infrastructure 3.5 Mahila Aghadi 3.6 Minority support 4 Controversial activities of the Shiv Sena 4.1 Vandalism at hospital 4.2 Shiv Sena and Krishna Desai 4.3 Allegations of violence against Muslims 4.4 Allegations of damaging cricket pitches 4.5 Protest against the film Fire 4.6 Meenatai desecration protests 4.7 Shiv Sena and MNS clashes 5 Shiv Sena in literature 6 Recent electoral victories 7 See also 8 External links 9 Further reading 10 References

[edit] History

Part of a series on Hindu politics
Major parties
Bharatiya Janata Party Shiv Sena Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha Defunct parties Bharatiya Jana Sangh Ram Rajya Parishad
Ideas
Integral humanism Hindu nationalism Hindutva
Major figures
Bal Gangadhar Tilak Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar Keshava Baliram Hedgewar Syama Prasad Mookerjee Deendayal Upadhyaya Bal Thackeray
Related authors
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Koenraad Elst · Francois Gautier Sita Ram Goel · K. S. Lal Harsh Narain · Yvette Rosser Arun Shourie · Ram Swarup
Politics Government of India
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Bombay was given to the British East India Company in 1666, having formed a part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to Charles II of England. At this time it consisted of a series of islands inhabited by the Kolis, fishermen from whom the southernmost island of the Bombay peninsula, Colaba, took its name. With its establishment as a Presidency town in the later seventeenth century Bombay began to attract migrants in large numbers from the Mughal port of Surat and elsewhere, notably Parsis and Gujaratis, both Hindu and Muslim. By 1849 out of a total city population of 566,119, the British classified 296,931 as Hindus, with the remainder made up of Muslims, Parsis, Indian Christians, Jews, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.^[6] Bombay boomed in the second half of the nineteenth century after the Governorship of Sir Bartle Frere, and became the most cosmopolitan city in India, with communities from every part of the subcontinent as well as Arabs and Baghdadi Jews. The party has also drawn a lot of inspiration from the activities of late medieval Maharashtrian warrior King Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

At the time of independence, marathi and konkani people formed the majority in Bombay. The state of Bombay of which the city of Bombay was the capital included the state of Gujarat. In 1961, state of Maharashtra and Gujarat were created with Bombay as the capital of state of Maharashtra. There were moves to have Bombay as a Union Territory along the lines of New Delhi, but this was defeated by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement. ^{[7] [8]} After the incorporation of the Bombay presidency in the Marathi-speaking state of Maharashtra migration to Bombay increased;^[9] non-Marathas, especially people belonging to the Parsis and Bagdad Jews communities, continued to dominate industry and trade in the city, whilst Marathis constituted much of the proletariat and lower middle-class.^[10] At India level, the port city of Surat handled all export/import traffic,city of Calcutta was the financial capital of India and Madras was the industrial capital of India.

Maharashtra government in 1960s championed business friendly policies coupled with massive infrastructure investments to attract businesses into the state. While Maharashtra attracted businesses states like West Bengal and Tamil Nadu repelled businesses by pursuing communist and linguistic nationalism driven policies. Lack of investment in Surat's port infrastructure led to decline in traffic at the port. Gujarat invested all their scarce funds in creation of Gandhi Nagar, a brand new city, which is the state's capital. Financial services companies from Calcutta relocated to Bombay and Mazagaon port surpassed Surat as India business port. India PSU (Public Sector Units) opened their headquarters in Bombay. This created a mini-boom in Bombay and a large number people from all over India migrated to Bombay. As the PSUs were politically controlled the management in these organization were political appointees primarily from South India. Traders from Gujarat and Sindh migrated to Mumbai to open small businesses. The Shiv Sena was thus born out of a feeling of resentment about the 'marginalization' of Marathis in Bombay.^[11]

The Shiv Sena attracted a large number of disgruntled and often unemployed Maharashtrian youth and white collar maharashtrian workers in PSUs, who were pulled towards Thackeray's charged and frank discussion of issues (nepotism in PSUs, uncontrolled migration of labour into Mumbai, Lack of credit to marathis to start small businesses etc.) closer to economic life of marathi people. ^[5].In the early years of the Sena, the party's widely circulated Marathi language-weekly Marmik was instrumental in inflamming anti-migrant sentiment among Mumbai's Maharashtrians.^[12] Thackeray, then a cartoonist for the Free Press journal, initially targeted the growing number of South Indians by inflammatory slogans like "lungi hatao pungi bajao" (referring to the lungi, a Marathi word for the traditional men's dress in South India)^[5], and "yendu gundu" (a derogatory description of the Dravidian languages spoken by the people from South India).^[13] During this period, Shiv Sainiks launched a string of attacks on the South-Indian owned Udupi restaurants that were becoming popular in Mumbai.^[12] In a similar manner, Thackeray later targeted Gujaratis, Marwaris, Biharis, and people from North Indian states like Uttar Pradesh ('UPites') through his speeches.^[14].

The Sena started placing more weight on the Hindutva ideology in the 1970s as the hallmark 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.^[5] With the shift to Hindutva, Thackeray increasingly made some controversial moves against Muslims and neighboring Pakistan. The party largely reformed its ideology from Maharashtrian ethnocentrism to Hindutva, extending their influence to South Indian States such as Karnataka^[15].

The party has ruled the Maharastra State in coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party. The SS-BJP did however lose the 2004 state assembly election. The Sena is now the main opposition party in the state. The BJP-SS combine governs the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Traditionally the main strongholds of SS have been Mumbai and the Konkan coastal areas. However, in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai. The Shiv Sena was successful in the 2006 Municipal Corporations elections.

[edit] Party structure

As the president of the party Bal Thackeray takes all major decisions, and has claimed that he ran the Sena-Bharatiya Janata Party government of 1995 to 1999 with what he called a 'remote control.' Activists and members of the Shiv Sena call themselves Shiv Sainiks, and carry out most of the party's grassroot work. In recent times, Thackeray does not concern himself with day-to-day activities of the party, which is run by his youngest son Uddhav Thackeray.

The recently refurbished Sena Bhavan located in the Dadar locality in Mumbai has served as the headquarters of the Sena since 1976.^[16] The Sena's shakhas (local offices) spread throughout the state of Maharashtra as well as in selected locations in other states decide upon most of the local issues in their particular cities or towns.^[17]

[edit] Achievements of the Shiv Sena

[edit] Shiv Sena and industry

Industrialists were generally satisfied with the Sena's clout—since Sena leader Thackeray's draconian control over the employees would ensure a peaceful work environment ^[18].

Shiva Sena encourages maharashtrian business. Indian business communities operate in opaque ways. Communities control credit, market control by creation of unofficial langugage based cartels. Shiv Sena busts these community operated cartels by extending credit to maharashtrian businessman and enables access to markets and government contracts. Shiv Sena believes business is a learned skill and anybody can be a business man if the banking and markets are open and fair to all. Just like Indian government at the national level protects Indian businessman from international competition, maharashtrian government should protect maharashtrian business against business communities of India who operate in non-transparent ways. Under the shiv sena administration over 100,000 maharashtrian youths have started small businesses.

[edit] Claims of benefits to Maharashtrians

Supporters of the Sena have claimed that the party has benefited the Marathi Manus (Marathi man) in Mumbai^[19], especially in the public sector.^[18] However, the Sena has allegedly done little to solve the problem of unemployment facing a large proportion of Maharashtrian youth during its tenure, in contradiction to its ideological foundation of 'sons of the soil.'^[20]

Maharashtra government actively attracts domestic and international businesses to the state. The jobs created by these businesses that come to the state are mostly taken by people from other states due to lack of transparency in hiring practices in India. Shiv Sena runs an active campaign to make sure jobs created are offered to marathi people. Most of this is done through publicizing nepotism in corporations that operate in Maharashtra.

[edit] Dharavi emancipation

The Sena claims to have played a central role in the emancipation of 500,000 slum dwellers in the Dharavi area of Mumbai, the largest slum in Asia. ^[21] The state's policy of giving free houses to slum dwellers has been mired in controversy ever since it was introduced by the Shiv Sena-BJP government a decade ago [4] ^[22].

[edit] Improvements in infrastructure

In addition, the Sena has been active in trying to improve infrastructure in Maharashtra, particularly in the financial capital of Mumbai. Nearly 55 flyovers in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai and the Mumbai-Pune Expressway were constructed under the Shiv Sena administration, which led to a significant infrastructural boom in Mumbai. While successive State governments have been guilty of neglecting Mumbai's transport problems, the erstwhile Shiv Sena-BJP government drastically altered the course. Moreover, by initiating a range of road schemes, the Sena unequivocally opted for private, motorised transport in preference to public transport.^[23].These moves have been a crucial factor in its increasing popularity within India and the promises of further improvement have boosted the Shiv Sena's campaigns.

In addition to improvements in transport infrastructure, the Shiv Sena has supported initiatives against proprietary technologies such as the "Conditional Access System" for television networks (which would have led to cable companies charging more for channels)^[24]. The Shiv Sena has also questioned the government’s procedure of divesting equity in oil refining and marketing majors, effectively "selling" profitable oil companies out^[25].

[edit] Mahila Aghadi

The women's front of the Shiv Sena, Mahila Aghadi, settles domestic disputes; from dowry demands to wife-beating, where they have taken a decidedly pro-Feminist stance. Through the use of aggressive tactics, they have reduced the instance of violence against women among the ranks of the Shiv Sena and their supporters^[26].

[edit] Minority support

Certain minority communities, such as Jews in India, are closely following the rise of Bal Thackeray, Shiv Sena and other Hindutva parties, since they see a possible supporters of Zionism in the Shiv Sena. The affinities between Hindus and Jews go beyond their shared perception of a Muslim adversary, and while secularism has been in the interest of Jews in most nations of exile, it may be that the Indian case is a notable exception.^[27].

[edit] Controversial activities of the Shiv Sena

The main controversy associated with Shiv Sena are media allegations of organized party violence against migrants to Maharashtra, Muslims and opposing parties/groups.The Shiv Sena protests have been known to occasionally break down into violence. The party has been involved in organized protests, pickets, market shutdowns and strikes that have been known to degenerate into violent clashes^[28], such as their attack on the Zee TV channel on February 8, 2006 in response to their broadcasting of a play that satirized their party^[29].Until 1951 Marathi and Konkani-speakers were the majority group in Bombay, but the business class of the city was dominated by Parsis, Gujaratis and Marwaris. ^[18]. Moreover, a large number people from South India migrated to Bombay and soon filled a number of white-collar jobs. Because of Bombay's special status as a city of migrants, there were moves to have it made a separate Union Territory along the lines of New Delhi when the states of India were reorganised on linguistic lines in the 1950s, and for Pune to be the capital of the new state of Maharashtra, but this was defeated by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement. ^[30] Bombay boomed in the second half of the nineteenth century after the Governorship of Sir Bartle Frere, and became the most cosmopolitan city in India, with communities from every part of the subcontinent as well as Arabs and Baghdadi Jews. - (for those with access to JSTOR)</ref> ^[31] After the incorporation of the Bombay presidency in the Marathi-speaking state of Maharashtra migration to Bombay increased;^[32] non-Marathas, especially people belonging to the Gujarati and Marwari communities, continued to dominate industry and trade in the city, whilst Marathas constituted much of the proletariat and lower middle-class.^[33] The Shiv Sena was thus born out of a feeling of resentment about the 'marginalization' of Marathas in Bombay.^[11] The Shiv Sena especially attracted a large number of disgruntled and often unemployed Maharashtrian youth, who were pulled towards Thackeray's charged anti-migrant oratory^[5].In the early years of the Sena, the party's widely circulated Marathi language-weekly Marmik was instrumental in inflamming anti-migrant sentiment among Mumbai's Maharashtrians.^[12] Thackeray, then a cartoonist for the Free Press journal, initially targeted the growing number of South Indians by inflammatory slogans like "lungi hatao pungi bajao" (referring to the lungi, a Marathi word for the traditional men's dress in South India)^[5], and "yendu gundu" (a derogatory description of the Dravidian languages spoken by the people from South India).^[13] During this period, Shiv Sainiks launched a string of attacks on the South-Indian owned Udupi restaurants that were becoming popular in Mumbai.^[12] In a similar manner, Thackeray later targeted Gujaratis, Marwaris, Biharis, and people from North Indian states like Uttar Pradesh ('UPites') through his speeches.^[14].

[edit] Vandalism at hospital

In August 2001, the Sunitidevi Singhania Hospital in Thane was ransacked after Anand Dighe, the local Shiv Sena chief who was being treated in the hospital, died of a massive heart attack. The hospital building, ambulances, medical equipment and the bloodbank was reduced to rubble during three hours of rioting and mayhem.[5]

Doctors, nurses and patients scurried for their lives after 1,500 people, reported to be mainly Shiv Sainiks, attacked the hospital. A six-year old child with a respiratory problem and a 65 year old man with a kidney ailment died after their medical equipment was wrecked by rioters. The Shiv Sena cited negligence on behalf of the hospital staff as a reason for Anand Dighe's death, and stated that the riots were a response to the same. [6]

In another incident, on September 17, 2003, the Bhaktivedanta hospital was shut down briefly after an attack by Shiv Sainiks, due to a wage-compensation disagreement between the hospital and the hospital workers' Union [7]

[edit] Shiv Sena and Krishna Desai

In the 1970s, Shiv Sena members were accused as responsible for killing Krishna Desai, CPI MLA from the Parel neighbourhood in Central Mumbai. However, the attackers were not indicted for murder.^[34]

[edit] Allegations of violence against Muslims

The Shiv Sena has also been accused of orchestrating violence against Muslims. The Sena is alleged by some to have played an active role in the riots in Mumbai following the demolition of the Babri Mosque in 1992 in the north-Indian holy city of Ayodhya. On 23 January 1993, the then Congress-led Government of Maharashtra appointed Justice B.N. Srikrishna (then a sitting Judge of the Bombay High Court) to head a one-man commission with the task of investigating the riots. The Commission indicted the Sena for its direct involvement in coordinating the anti-Muslim riots, and accused Thackeray of "commanding his loyal Shiv Sainiks to retaliate by organized attacks against Muslims."^[35] However, Thackeray was absolved of all criminal charges in July 2000 after seven years of judicial proceedings.^[36]

In an interview in 1998, Thackeray claims to have tempered his stance on many issues that the Shiv Sena had with Muslims, particularly regarding the Babri Mosque or Ramjanmabhoomi issue ^[37], saying: "We must look after the Muslims and treat them as part of us." In addition, some members of the Sena claim that the party does not discriminate on the basis of religion and is based on pure nationalism.^[38] He has since reiterated his desire to establish a "Hindustan for Hindus" and "bring Islam in this country down to its knees".^[39]

Thackeray added, "Maharashtra cannot fight Islam alone. We need the Hindu community to unite and fight Islam."^[40] However, he has also expressed admiration for Muslims in Mumbai in the wake of the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings allegedly perpetrated by Islamic Fundamentalists. In response to threats made by the leader of the communist Samajwadi Party that accusations of terrorism directed at Indian Muslims would bring about violence from them, Thackeray said that the unity of Mumbaikars (residents of Mumbai) in the wake of the terrorist attacks was "a slap to fanatics of Samajwadi Party leader Abu Asim Azmi" and that Thackeray "salute(s) those Muslims who participated in the two minutes' silence on July 18 to mourn the blast victims"^[41]On February 8, 2007, a Mumbai court issued a bailable warrant against Bal Thackeray for the statements he made during the anniversary celebrations of his party the year before. ^[42]

[edit] Allegations of damaging cricket pitches

Additionally, as part of their efforts to hamper any collaboration between India and its nuclear rival Pakistan, Shiv Sainiks have damaged cricket pitches in stadiums where the Indian and Pakistani cricket team were scheduled to play. The two instances of the Sena's targeting pitches are the damage of the pitch at Mumbai's Wankhede Stadium in 1991 and the vandalizing of the Feroz Shah Kotla Grounds pitch in national capital Delhi in 1999.^[43] The Sena orchestrated these activities in an atmosphere of growing tensions between the two nations.

[edit] Protest against the film Fire

In November 1998, Shiv Sena staged protests against the film Fire. The media alleged that Shiv Sena's protests were because the film depicted a lesbian relationship, which the Sena deemed inappropriate. However, Sena's position was that the film denigrated Hinduism by associating Hindu goddesses with lesbianism.^[44] The film was criticized by feminist Madhu Kiswar for denigrating Indian culture.^[45]

The matinee show of Fire was almost halfway through in a packed house when a group of women belonging to the Shiv Sena Mahila Aghadi -- the women's wing of the Sena -- barged into the theatre. Accompanied by MLA R. Mirlekar, they smashed glass panes, burnt posters and shouted slogans. However, no crimes were committed other than property destruction [8]. Shiv Sena also protested outside the home of the legendary Indian actor Dilip Kumar for defending the film. These protests prompted the Indian Supreme Court to issue orders to the government to provide full protection to the supporters of the movie and the leading filmmakers.^[46]

[edit] Meenatai desecration protests

On July 9, 2006, after some unidentified miscreants desecrated the statue of Meenatai (the late wife of Bal Thackeray), Shiv Sainiks blocked roads at Dadar in central Mumbai, set fire to a tourist bus and damaged a police outpost. Activists forcibly shut shops and staged traffic blockades in other parts of the city, as well. ^[47], and later launched statewide protests mired with isolated incidences of violence in Nagpur, Pune, Nashik and other cities in Maharashtra.^[48] [9]

[edit] Shiv Sena and MNS clashes

On October 10, 2006 clashes erupted between supporters of Shiv Sena and Maharastra Navnirman Sena headed by Raj Thackeray. It was alleged that workers of MNS had tore the posters bearing the photographs of Shiv Sena Supremo Bal Thackeray near the SIES college in Mumbai. Later as retaliation it was alleged that Shiv Sena workers brought down the hoardings with Raj Thackeray's photo near the Sena Bhavan at Dadar.

As the news spread about the incident groups gathered near the Sena Bhavan and started pelting stones at each other. In this incident a policeman was injured and many supporters of both parties were injured. To restore normalcy in the situation the police fired tear gas shells at the mob.

Normalcy was eventually restored following police action and the appearance of Uddhav Thackeray and his cousin Raj Thackeray on the spot. Uddhav appealed to Sena workers to go back home ^[49], saying "The police will take necessary action. This is happening because many people are joining us from MNS. The defections have started and that is why they are resorting to such actions".Raj Thackeray asserts that MNS could not have vandalized the pictures, seeing as how he and his members revere Bal Thackeray^[50].

[edit] Shiv Sena in literature

The novelist and Nobel laureate V. S. Naipaul mentioned the Shiv Sena in his book India: A Wounded Civilization: "There was one portrait. And interestingly, it was not of the leader of the Shiv Sena or of Shivaji, the 17 th century Maratha King, but of the long-dead Dr. Ambedkar...Popular-and near-ecstatic-movements like the Shiv Sena ritualize many different needs. The Sena here, honouring an angry and (for all his eminence) defeated man, seemed quite different from the Sena the newspapers wrote about." Naipaul asserts that there is a consistent media bias against Shiv Sena, expresses empathy with them and sees them as the only party who care about hygiene and health of the poor in the region^[51]. In an interview with Tehelka, Naipaul stated that Indian writers are out-of-touch with the ground realities of Shiv Sena and their activities with the lower classes of the region^[52].

Writer Suketu Mehta discussed the Shiv Sena in Maximum City, his 2004 book on Mumbai. Mehta interviewed Bal Thackeray and a number of street-level Shiv Sena members, and claims that they admitted to "gang violence on Muslims."

[edit] Recent electoral victories

The Shiv Sena achieved electoral victories in local Maharashtra elections on February, 2007, together with their partner the Bharatiya Janata Party in the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, and are set for another five year term[10]. They have achieved this on the platform of preference to Maharashtrians, which appealed to their vote bloc. The victory was noteworthy for reasons more than one. It means that by 2012, when the next BMC elections are due, the Shiv Sena would have ruled over Mumbai for an uninterrupted spell of 20 years. It was also a relief to the Junior Thackeray who personally supervised the campaign strategy.[11].

The Sena-led combine, which had suffered serious reverses in all the assembly by-elections in the past two years got 111 of the 227 seats. Out of the declared 226 seats, the Sena has won 83 seats, BJP 28, the left-wing opponents, the Indian National Congress won 71, and other opposition groups NCP won 14 while MNS won 7[12][13].

[edit] See also

• Nepal Shivsena
• Hindu nationalist parties

[edit] External links

• Official Shiv Sena newspaper
• Official Shiv Sena party website
• Shiv Sena Worli Shakha
• Shiv Sena Kerala
• Shiv Sena Shrivardhan

[edit] Further reading

Books - Marathi

• Bhosale, Harshad (2004): ‘Mumbai Mahanagarpalika Nivadnuk’ in Palshikar Suhas and Nitin Birmal (eds), Maharashtrache Rajkaran Pratima, Pune.
• Maharashtratil Sattantar, Vora Rajendra and Suhas Palshikar, Granthali, Mumbai 1996
• Bhosale,Harshad(2006),"Mumbaichya Vikasacha Arthik,Rajakiya Ani Samajik Sandarbha",in Bi monthly APLA PARAM MITRA, Sept-oct-2006,year 5,issue-3.

Books - English

• Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay, MF Katzenstein - 1979 - Cornell University Press
• Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence, and the Shiv Sena in India, S Banerjee - 2000 - Westview Press
• The Sena Story, Purandare Vaibhav, Business Publications, Mumbai,(1999)
• The Charisma of Direct Action: Power, Politics, and the Shiv Sena, JM Eckert - 2003 - Oxford University Press
• Nativism in a Metropolis: The Shiv Sena in Bombay, D Gupta - 1982 – Manohar (OUP 1996)
• Shiv Sena: An Assessment, Palshikar, Suhas, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Pune (1999)

Articles

• The Rebirth of Shiv Sena: The Symbiosis of Discursive and Organizational Power, Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, Uday Singh Mehta, Usha Thakkar, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2 (May, 1997), pp. 371-390
• Saffronisation of the Shiv Sena, J Lele - Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, 1995
• Cultural Populism: The Appeal of the Shiv Sena, G Heuzé - Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, 1995
• The Shiv Sena’s new avatar: Marathi chauvinism and Hindu communalism, R Sardesai - Politics in Maharashtra, 1995
• The Rhetoric of Hindu Nationalism: A Narrative of Mythic Redefinition, Robert C. Rowland, Abhik Roy; Western Journal of Communication, Vol. 67, 2003
• Regenerating Masculinity in the Construction of Hindu Nationalist Identity: A Case Study of Shiv Sena, Abhik Roy, Communication Studies, Volume 57, Number 2 / June 2006,
• The Feminization of Violence in Bombay: Women in the Politics of the Shiv Sena, S Banerjee - Asian Survey, 1996
• The vernacularisation of Hindutva: The BJP and Shiv Sena in rural Maharashtra, Thomas Blom Hansen Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol. 30, No. 2, 177-214 (1996)
• The Shiv Sena: A Movement in Search of Legitimacy R Joshi - Asian Survey, 1970
• Origins of Nativism: The Emergence of Shiv Sena in Bombay MF Katzenstein - Asian Survey, 1973
• Sardesai, Rajdeep ‘Shiv Sena’s New Avatar: Marathi Chauvinism and Hindu Communalism’ in Usha Thakkar and Mangesh Kulkarni (eds), Politics in Maharashtra, Himalaya, Mumbai, pp 127-46 (1995)
• " City of Mongrel Joy": Bombay and the Shiv Sena in Midnight's Children and The Moor's Last Sigh, R Trousdale - JOURNAL OF COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE, 2004

articles available in net

• The Shiv Sena: An Eruption of Subnationalism, Morkhandikar R S, Economic and Political Weekly, October 21, pp 1903-06 (1967
• Shiv Sena: A Tiger with Many Faces? S Palshikar - Economic and Political Weekly, 2004
• The Charisma of Autocracy Bal Thackeray's Dictatorship in Shiv Sena J Eckert - MANUSHI, 2002
• Shiv Sena andNational'Hinduism, G Heuze - ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY, 1992

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[edit] References