Shawnee County, Kansas

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Shawnee County, Kansas
Map
Location in the state of Kansas
Kansas's location in the U.S.
Statistics
Founded	August 25, 1855 ^[1]
Seat	Topeka
Largest city	Topeka
Area - Total - Land - Water	556 sq mi (1,441 km²) 550 sq mi (1,424 km²) 6 sq mi (17 km²), 1.17%
Population^Est. - (2006) - Density	172,693 314/sq mi (121/km²)
Time zone	Central: UTC-6/-5

Shawnee County (county code SN) is a county located in northeast Kansas, in the central United States of America. Its most populous city, Topeka, is the state capital and county seat.^[2] The county's population was 169,871 at the 2000 census, and it was estimated to be 172,693 in the year 2006.^[3] The county along with Jackson, Jefferson, Osage, and Wabaunsee counties is included in the Topeka Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 228,894 in 2006.

The county was one of the original 33 counties created by the first territorial legislature in 1855, and it was named for the Shawnee tribe of Native Americans.

[edit] History

Before the treaty of 1854, the area now known as Shawnee County was inhabited by Shawnee, Kansas, and Pottowatomie Indian tribes. Westward expansion brought the country its first white settler in 1830 when Frederick Choteau opened a trading post on American Chief (now Mission) Creek. In 1855, Shawnee became one of the first counties established by the Kansas territorial legislature with a population of 250. General H. J. Strickler, of Tecumseh, who was a member of the council in 1855, and also of the joint committee on Counties, claimed Shawnee for the name of his county. At that time, Shawnee County borders were entirely south of the Kansas River and extended south to include Osage City and Carbondale. The legislature later desired to make Topeka the county seat and moved the borders of the county to their present locations to make Topeka centrally located in the county.

1855 also saw the first ever meeting of the Shawnee County Board of Commissioners. Tecumseh was the first county seat, and the first county courthouse was opened there in 1856. The building was 40x50 feet but was never finished. Topeka was made the county seat by popular vote in 1858, and a new courthouse was built at 4th Street and Kansas Avenue in 1867. In 1896, a new larger courthouse was constructed at 5th and Van Buren, with more than 50,000 residents then living in the county. That building remained in use until the current courthouse at 7th and Quincy opened in 1965.

[edit] Local etymologies

Map of Shawnee County from History of Kansas, 1899

Concerning the origin of the names in this county, it is generally understood that Shawnee County receives its name from that well known tribe of Indians.

Topeka: A good place to grow potatoes (Prarie potatoes)
Wakarusa
Shunganunga
Menoken
Half-Day Creek: named after a Pottawatomie chief.
Mission Creek: so called because of the old Kaw mission on its banks.
Blacksmith Creek: from the Kaw blacksmith shop.
Soldier Creek: because its banks were a favorite camping ground for soldiers passing from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Riley.

[edit] Geography

Shawnee County is located in the northeastern part of Kansas, in the third tier of counties west of the Missouri River and about fifty-four miles south of Nebraska. It is bordered by Jackson County on the north, Jefferson County on the north and east, Douglas County on the east, Osage County on the south, Wabaunsee County on the west, and Pottawatomie County on the west. Its extent in either direction is not more than twenty-four miles. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 556 square miles (1,441 km²), of which 550 square miles (1,424 km²) is land and 6 square miles (17 km²), or 1.17%, is water. The second standard parallel south passes through the northern half of the county.

When the county was originally formed in 1855, it was bounded by the Kansas River on the north, and the southern boundary was nine miles further south. But on February 23, 1860, the legislature changed the boundaries with the southern portion being granted to Osage County, and the northern boundary was moved a few miles north of the river (to the second standard parallel). The present northern line (six miles north of the second standard parallel) was established in 1868.^[4]

[edit] Township divisions

The county consists of twelve townships: Soldier, Menoken, Silver Lake, Grove, and Rossville north of the Kansas River; Tecumseh, Topeka, Mission, and Dover south of the river; and Monmouth, Williamsport, and Auburn in the southernmost tier of townships occupying the Wakarusa River valley. Being a city of the first class, the city of Topeka is independent of any townships and excluded from the census figures for the townships. It occupies over ten percent of the county's land area and ranks fourth in population among all cities in Kansas. Altogether, the county has five incorporated cities with the other four being cities of the third class: Auburn, Rossville, Silver Lake, and Willard.

Tecumseh Township was one of the two original townships formed in 1855, and it originally extended over all the county south of the Kansas River to the Wakarusa River.^[5] Yocum Township, named after county commissioner William Yocum, was the other, and it contained the area south of the Wakarusa River. The formation of the townships of Topeka (1857) and Monmouth (1860) reduced Tecumseh Township to its current greatest extent of about seven miles from north to south from the Kansas River and less than seven miles from east to west from the county's eastern border. Small portions in the western part have been annexed by the city of Topeka, and its present area is 36 square miles (93 km²). It contains the (unincorporated) towns of Tecumseh, Spencer, and Watson. The town and township were named for the famous Shawnee chief.^[6]

Topeka Township was carved out of the western portion of Tecumseh Township in 1857.^[7] Following the creation of newer townships and annexations by the city of Topeka, the size of the township has been significantly reduced. It currently occupies an area of 12 square miles (30 km²), and it is in extent about three miles from north to south and five miles from east to west. In contains the town of Pauline.

Monmouth Township, located in the southeastern corner of the county, has an area of 57 square miles (148 km²). In extent it is about eight miles from north to south and seven miles from east to west. It contains the towns of Berryton and Richland.

Williamsport Township, established in 1860, was named after Williamsport, Pennsylvania.^[8] With an area of 41 square miles (105 km²), it is in extent six miles from north to south to the county's southern border and seven miles from east to west between Monmouth and Auburn townships. It contains the towns of Wakarusa and Cullen Village and the greater portion of Forbes Field (airport).

Auburn Township, 56 square miles (145 km²) in area, occupies the southwestern corner of the county. In extent it is six miles from north to south and ten miles from east to west, and it contains the city of Auburn.

Dover Township was carved from northern portions of Auburn Township in 1867 and named after Dover, New Hampshire.^[9] In extent it is twelve miles from north to south from the Kansas River and six miles from east to west to the county's western border, with an area of 57 square miles (147 km²). It includes the city of Willard and the towns of Dover and Valencia.

Mission Township was formed from portions of Dover and Topeka townships in 1871.^[10] Northeastern portions of the township have been annexed by the city of Topeka in years since. It currently occupies an area of 32 square miles (84 km²), and its greatest extent is not more than eight miles from north to south and six miles from east to west.

Soldier Township was organized following the change in the county's borders in 1860, and it contained all of the county north of the Kansas River until the formation of Silver Lake Township in 1868.^[11] A southern portion of the township has been annexed by the city of Topeka. With an area of 63 square miles (164 km²), it is in extent less than ten miles from north to south from the county's northern border and less than eight miles from east to west from the county's eastern border. It contains the town of Elmont.

Silver Lake Township was carved out of the western portion of Soldier Township after the county's northern border was moved in 1868.^[11] The formation of the surrounding townships of Rossville (1871) to the west, Menoken (1879) to the east, and Grove (1918) to the north has reduced the size of the township. With an area of 18 square miles (48 km²), its greatest extent is about five miles from north to south to the Kansas River and five miles from east to west. It contains the city of Silver Lake, and it is named after a crescent-shaped lake located near the city.^[12]

Rossville Township, occupying the northwestern corner of the county, was carved out of the western part of Silver Lake Township in 1871.^[13] It has an area of 52 square miles (134 km²), and its greatest extent is about nine miles from north to south to the Kansas River and seven miles from east to west. It includes the city of Rossville. The township and city were both named for William W. Ross, the brother of Senator Edmund G. Ross.^[14]

Menoken Township, 45 square miles (117 km²) in area, was carved out of the eastern portions of Silver Lake Township in 1879.^[10] Extending from the county's northern border to the Kansas River, it is not more than eleven miles in extent from north to south and less than five miles from east to west. The township's name is derived from a Native American word meaning "fine growth" or "a place for fine growing".^[10]

Grove Township is the youngest of the townships. It was carved out of the northern portion of Silver Lake Township in 1918.^[15] Very little remains of its only town, Grove. With an area of 30 square miles (78 km²), the township is six miles in extent from north to south from the county's northern border and five miles from east to west between Menoken and Rossville townships.

[edit] Natural features

The Kansas River runs east across the county, just north of the center, being bordered on its north bank by the townships of Rossville, Silver Lake, Menoken, and Soldier, and on its south bank by the townships of Dover, Mission, and Tecumseh. The city of Topeka primarily lies to the south of the river. There is little or no current major river traffic, but it is used extensively for irrigation in the county. Major creeks emptying into the Kansas River include Cross, Soldier, Mission, Indian, and Shunganunga Creeks. The Wakarusa River, which, flowing east and northeast, empties into the Kansas River in the northeastern part of Douglas County. It has its sources in the township of Auburn, and waters the southern sections of Auburn, Williamsport and Monmouth—the tributary creeks flowing into it on either side forming the drainage and water system of the three townships.

The soil is a rich dark loam, varying from fifteen feet in some parts of the bottoms, to a uniform surface covering the upland prairie from one to three feet. The underlying formation is limestone. Beds of clay, are well distributed. Coal is found in detached and non-continuous beds, and is mined in a small way for local purposes in Topeka, Soldier and Menoken.

Along the western border the landscape is hilly with the Flint Hills a few miles further west in Wabaunsee County. Burnett's Mound, the highest point in the county, is situated some four miles southwest of Topeka, in Mission Township. The land is described in the government and county surveys as "bottom land, 31%; upland, 69%; forest 8%; prairie, 92%." Lake Shawnee, a man made lake, is the largest body of water within the county. Wooded areas are mainly found along rivers and creeks with no true forrests. The growth consists of elm, cottonwood, black walnut, oak, sycamore, box elder, hickory and ash.

[edit] Demographics

Historical populations
Census	Pop.	%±
1860	3,513	—
1870	13,121	273.5%
1880	29,093	121.7%
1890	49,172	69.0%
1900	53,727	9.3%
1910	61,874	15.2%
1920	69,159	11.8%
1930	85,200	23.2%
1940	91,247	7.1%
1950	105,418	15.5%
1960	141,286	34.0%
1970	155,322	9.9%
1980	154,916	-0.3%
1990	160,976	3.9%
2000	169,871	5.5%

Shawnee County's population was estimated to be 172,693 in the year 2006, an increase of 2,619, or +1.5%, over the previous six years.^[3]

As of the U.S. Census in 2000,^[16] there were 169,871 people, 68,920 households, and 44,660 families residing in the county. The population density was 309 people per square mile (119/km²). There were 73,768 housing units at an average density of 134 per square mile (52/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 82.89% White, 9.03% Black or African American, 1.17% Native American, 0.95% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.20% from other races, and 2.72% from two or more races. 7.26% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Population pyramid

There were 68,920 households out of which 30.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.60% were married couples living together, 11.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.20% were non-families. 29.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the county the population was spread out with 25.30% under the age of 18, 8.80% from 18 to 24, 28.40% from 25 to 44, 23.70% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 93.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $40,988, and the median income for a family was $51,464. Males had a median income of $35,586 versus $26,491 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,904. About 6.30% of families and 9.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.30% of those under age 18 and 7.10% of those age 65 or over.

[edit] Arts and culture

[edit] Points of interest

See also: List of Registered Historic Places in Kansas#Shawnee County

Kansas State Capitol, in downtown Topeka: Constructed over a period of 37 years, from 1866 to 1903, this beautiful building houses the Kansas Legislature.
Topeka Zoo, in Topeka: Located at Gage Park, this world famous zoo is well-known for its flock of eagles.

[edit] Law and government

Shawnee County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 and voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement. The food sales requirement was removed with voter approval in 1994.^[17]

[edit] Education

[edit] Unified school districts

Kaw Valley USD 321 (website)
Wabaunsee East USD 330 (website)
Jefferson West USD 340 (website)
Seaman USD 345 (website)
Silver Lake USD 372 (website)
Santa Fe Trail USD 434 (website)
Auburn-Washburn USD 437 (website)
Shawnee Heights USD 450 (website)
Topeka Public Schools USD 501 (website)

[edit] National protected area

Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site

[edit] Colleges and universities

Washburn University

[edit] Vocational/technical schools

Kaw Area Technical School

[edit] Public Libraries

Topeka & Shawnee County Public Library

[edit] Transportation

Interstate 70 crosses the county, as does the Kansas Turnpike. U.S. Route 75 crosses the county north to south and U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 24 cross the county west to east. K-4 and K-10 serve parts of the county.

Forbes Field Air National Guard base and airport is located south of Topeka near Pauline. The airport was served by Allegiant Air with biweekley service to Las Vegas. Other airports in the county include Philip Billard Municipal Airport in the Oakland neighborhood of Topeka.

[edit] Cities and towns

Map of Shawnee County (map legend)

[edit] Incorporated cities

Name and population (2006 estimate):^[18]

Topeka, 122,113 (county seat)
Silver Lake, 1,358
Auburn, 1,131
Rossville, 1,012
Willard, 84

[edit] Unincorporated places

Belmont
Berryton (home of Kerry Livgren, former guitarist of the rock band Kansas)
Cullen Village (Montara)
Dover
Eastboro
Elmont
Grove
Highland Park
Kiro
Mathews Park
Menoken
North Topeka
Oakland
Pauline
Potwin
Richland
Spencer
Tecumseh
Terra Heights
Valencia
Wakarusa
Watson

[edit] Townships

As a city of the first class, Topeka is considered governmentally independent and is excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the city included in that township's population total.

Township	FIPS	Population center	Population	Population density /km² (/sq mi)	Land area km² (sq mi)	Water area km² (sq mi)	Water %	Geographic coordinates
Auburn	03275	Auburn	2,787	19 (50)	143 (55)	2 (1)	1.28%	38°54′13″N, 95°49′54″W
Dover	18475	Willard	1,734	12 (31)	146 (56)	2 (1)	1.11%	39°1′33″N, 95°54′1″W
Grove	29075		473	6 (16)	78 (30)	0 (0)	0.17%	39°10′16″N, 95°51′47″W
Menoken	45850		1,371	12 (31)	116 (45)	1 (0)	1.00%	39°8′3″N, 95°46′17″W
Mission	47275		9,070	111 (287)	82 (32)	2 (1)	2.58%	39°0′22″N, 95°47′2″W
Monmouth	47700		2,786	19 (49)	148 (57)	0 (0)	0.08%	38°55′41″N, 95°35′10″W
Rossville	61425	Rossville	1,681	13 (33)	133 (51)	1 (1)	1.07%	39°8′55″N, 95°57′56″W
Silver Lake	65625	Silver Lake	1,949	42 (109)	46 (18)	1 (0)	2.55%	39°6′9″N, 95°51′42″W
Soldier	66225		12,867	79 (204)	163 (63)	1 (0)	0.49%	39°8′37″N, 95°40′7″W
Tecumseh	70100		7,822	86 (224)	91 (35)	2 (1)	2.16%	39°1′33″N, 95°35′26″W
Topeka	71025		931	32 (84)	29 (11)	1 (1)	4.89%	38°59′43″N, 95°39′42″W
Williamsport	79350		4,023	38 (99)	105 (41)	0 (0)	0.29%	38°55′48″N, 95°41′19″W
Sources: Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files. U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division.

[edit] See also

Information on this and other counties in Kansas

Other information for Kansas

[edit] References

^ Kansas Counties - Shawnee County, Kansas. Kansas State Historical Society. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
^ Find a County. National Association of Counties. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
^ ^a ^b Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Annual estimates of the population to 2006-07-01. Released 2007-03-22. Population change is from 2000-07-01 to 2006-07-01.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, pp. 347–348.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 352.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 351.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 353.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 358.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, pp. 329–330.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 339.
^ ^a ^b Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 350.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 348.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 347.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 346.
^ Bird & Wallace 1976, p. 333.
^ American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
^ Map of Wet and Dry Counties. Alcoholic Beverage Control, Kansas Department of Revenue (November 2006). Retrieved on 2007-12-28.
^ Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Annual estimates of the population to 2006-07-01. Released 2007-06-28.

[edit] Further reading

Bird, Roy D.; Douglass W. Wallace (1976). in Robert W. Richmond & Joseph W. Snell: Witness of the Times: A History of Shawnee County. Topeka, Kansas: Shawnee County Historical Society. ISBN 0-916934-03-9.
Places in Shawnee County, Kansas United States Census Bureau