Shaun Greenhalgh

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Shaun Greenhalgh (born 1961) is a British art forger. Over a seventeen-year period, between 1989 and 2006, he produced a phenomenal range of forgeries. Teaming up with his brother and elderly parents, who fronted the sales side of the operation, he successfully sold his fakes internationally to museums, auction houses, and private buyers, accruing nearly a million pounds.

The family have been described by Scotland Yard as "possibly the most diverse forgery team in the world, ever." However, when they attempted to sell three Assyrian reliefs using the same provenance as they had previously, suspicions were raised. Apprehended, Shaun Greenhalgh was sentenced to prison for four years and eight months in November 2007.[1]

Contents

[edit] Family roles

Shaun Greenhalgh was the artist, but the whole family was involved in "the garden shed gang". They established an elaborate cottage industry at his parents' house in Bromley Cross, in the Turton area to the north of Bolton. His parents, George and Olive, approached clients, while his older brother, George jnr, managed the money.[2] Other members of the family were invoked to help establish the legitimacy of the various items. These included Olive's father who owned an art gallery,[3] a great-grandfather whom it seemed had had the foresight to buy well at auctions,[4] and an ancestor who had apparently worked for the Mayor of Bolton as a cleaner and was gifted a Moran painting.[5]

Shaun Greenhalgh left school at 16 with no qualifications.[6] A self-taught artist, undoubtedly influenced by his job as an antiques dealer, he worked up his forgeries from sketches, photographs, art books and catalogues.[7] He attempted a wide range of crafts, from painting in pastels and watercolours, to sketches, and sculpture, both modern and ancient, busts and statues, to bas-relief and metalwork. He invested in a vast range of different materials - silver, stone, marble, rare stone, replica metal, and glass.[8] He also did meticulous research to authenticate his items with histories and provenance (for instance, faking letters from the supposed artists) in order to demonstrate his ownership. Completed items were stashed about the house and the garden shed. The latter probably served as a workshop as well.[9]

A quote from an amazed Scotland Yard detective who searched the house gives a sense of Greenhalgh's industry:

“ There were blocks of stone, a furnace for melting silver on top of the fridge, half-finished and rejected sculptures, a watercolour under the bed, a cheque for £20,000 dated 1993, and a bust of an American president in the loft. I’d never seen anything like it.[10] ”

A next-door neighbour recalled: "I was finding bits of pottery and coins around the edges of the garden over 20 years back - [things like] bits of metal with old kings on."[11] While this sounds like materials were openly displayed, it was perhaps not quite that obvious. Angela Thomas, a curator from the Bolton Museum, actually visited the family at home prior to the purchase of the Amarna Princess and reported nothing untoward.[12]

Yet for all his daring – he once boasted that he could knock up a Moran watercolour in half an hour and claimed to have completed an Amarna statue in three weeks – Shaun Greenhalgh needed the help of his parents.[13] At the trial it was said that his mother, Olive (b.1925), made the phonecalls "because he was shy and did not like to use the telephone."[14]

Olive may have been a peripheral figure, but Shaun's father, George (b.1923), was more involved. He was the frontman who met face-to-face with potential buyers. "He looks honest, he's elderly and he shows up in a wheelchair."[15] George clearly embraced his role. On one occasion, trying to interest the Bolton Museum in an Amarna princess, an ancient Egyptian statuette about the size of a gnome, he told them he was "thinking about using it as a garden ornament".[16]

The parents were perhaps most important because they helped establish a logical explanation for why the Greenhalghs had possession of such items in the first place, namely as family heirlooms. It even allowed them to offload items when they were discovered as fakes, such as the Eadred Reliquary, and an L. S. Lowry painting The Meeting House.[17]

[edit] The "Amarna Princess"

Main article: Amarna Princess

In 1999 the Greenhalghs began their most ambitious project yet.[18] They bought an 1892 catalogue which listed the contents of an auction in Silverton Park, Devon, the home of the 4th Earl of Egremont. Among the items listed were "eight Egyptian figures."[19] Using the leeway this vague description allowed, Greenhalgh manufactured what became called the "Amarna Princess," a 20-inch statue, apparently made of a "stunning translucent alabaster, it later emerged within a Panorama documentary that he had bought the tools to produce this 'masterpiece' from B&Q."[20] Done in the Egyptian art-style of 1350 BC, the statue represents one of the daughters of the Pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti, mother of Prince Tutankhamun. At the time, as Greenhalgh had researched, only two other similar statuettes were known to exist in the world.[21] He "knocked up" his copy in his shed in three weeks out of calcite, "using basic DIY tools and making it look old by coating it in a mixture of tea and clay".[22]

George then approached Bolton Museum in 2002,[23] claiming the Amarna was from his grandfather’s "forgotten collection", bought at the Silverton Park auction.[24] He pretended to be ignorant about its true worth or value, but was careful to provide the letters Shaun had also faked, showing how the artifact had been in the family for "a hundred years".[25]

In 2003, after consulting experts at the British Museum and Christie's, the Bolton Museum bought the Amarna Princess for £439,767. It remained on display until February 2006.[26]

[edit] How they were caught

Perhaps buoyed up by the fact that they had so successfully duped the experts the Greenhalghs tried again, using the same Silverton Park provenance. They produced what were purportedly three Assyrian reliefs of soldier and horses, from the Palace of Sennacherib in 600 BC.[27]

The British Museum examined them in November 2005, concluded that they were genuine, and expressed an interest in buying one of them, which seemed to match a drawing by A. H. Layard in its collection. However, when two of the reliefs were submitted to Bonhams auction house, its antiquities consultant Richard Falkiner spotted "an obvious fake".[28] Bonhams consulted with the British Museum about various suspicious aspects, and the Museum then spotted several unlikely anomalies. The horses' reins were "not consistent" or "atypical" with respect to other Assyrian reliefs; and the cuneiform inscription contained a spelling mistake, an absent diacritical mark, which was considered extremely unlikely in a piece "destined for the eyes of the king". These concerns became full blown suspicion when George seemed too willing to part with the items at a low price. The Museum contacted the Arts and Antiquities Unit of Scotland Yard, and eighteen months later the family was arrested.[29]

[edit] Monies involved

Had the Greenhalghs managed to sell all 120 artworks they had offered it is estimated that they could have earned as much as £10m.[30] This would have made the average value of each piece over £83,000, though in fact monies received varied between £100 (for the Eadred Reliquary) and £440,000 (for the Amarna Princess). However, this grand total figure is highly speculative, and a number of factors underlie its uncertainty.

In the event the Greenhalghs did not manage to offload most of their works. Many they did sell, like the Eadred Reliquary, received only minimal amounts. Others, like the Lowry painting The Meeting House, only gained in value from their repeated resale, which was not a reflection of the Greenhalghs, and of course would not have benefited them. As time went on, more ambitious, expensive pieces of work were produced, some of which did sell, like the Risley Park Lanx. However, these were subject to more scrutiny and indeed it was one of these, the Assyrian reliefs, which led to their being exposed and caught. This suggests the longevity of their scam was concentrated on the passing off of lower level items.[31]

Balanced against this must be the success of sales to private individuals. They are unlikely to have had the same level of expertise at their disposal as institutions, and are probably less willing to advertise their losses once the forgeries were detected. Certainly they have not had the same exposure as the debacle surrounding the Bolton Museum, for example.[32] Two individual buyers, "wealthy Americans" have been noticed, but only after they donated their purchase to the British Museum.[33] Another piece sold to an un-named private buyer came to light when the Art Institute of Chicago announced that The Faun, a ceramic sculpture on display since 1997 as the work of the 19th century French master Paul Gauguin, was also a forgery by Shaun Greenhalgh. The museum purchased the sculpture from a private dealer in London, who had bought it at a Sotheby's auction in 1994.[34]

As well, the bank records of the Greenhalghs only went back six years,[35] so in the final analysis the exact amount of monies involved over the seventeen year scam has not been determined. What is known is that "two Halifax accounts... one containing £55,173 and the other £303,646" were frozen, pending a confiscation hearing in January 2008, and Shaun Greenhalgh was convicted for "conspiracy to conceal and transfer £410,392."[36] Estimates of the amount of money the Greenhalghs actually made vary from £850,000 to £1.5 million.[37]

The impact of their remaining forgeries on the market, however many there might be, cannot now be considered of immediate pertinence to the Greenhalghs. These items' worth may fall when they are exposed as forgeries, yet they may gain some cachet from their notoriety.[38]

[edit] Motivations

The Greenhalgh family did not appear to make much use of the money they gained. They lived a "far from lavish life" in a "shabby" council house; among their possessions were "an old TV, battered sofa, and a Ford Focus", but not a computer. According to police, the conditions were "relatively frugal" even "abject poverty".[39]

Despite their apparent disregard for money, the Greenhalghs were not entirely uninterested in it. When they had nearly half a million pounds in the bank they continued to draw a welfare benefit.[40] And although Olive claimed that she had "not even travelled outside of Bolton," it is known that George had travelled, duping "all the great auction houses."[41]

Because they did not show their wealth, explanations other than desire for money have been proposed. Police suggested that Shaun Greenhalgh was motivated less by profit than by resentment at his own lack of recognition as an artist. This "general hatred" became a need to "shame the art world" and "show them up".[42]

On the other hand, defense lawyer Andrew Nutall characterized Shaun Greenhalgh as a shy, introverted person, obsessed with "one outlook and that was his garden shed". The forgeries were an attempt to "perfect the love he had for such arts". By implication, the forgeries were a mere unintended, if unfortunate, consequence.[43]

[edit] Known forgeries

Forty-four forgeries were discussed during the trial, and 120 were known to have been presented to various institutions.[44] However, given the family's bank records only extended back for a third of the period they were operating, and Shaun Greenhalgh's high level of productivity, there are probably many more. On raiding the Greenhalgh home police discovered many raw materials and "scores of sculptures, paintings and artefacts, hidden in wardrobes, under their bed and in the garden shed."[45] In fact, "there can be little doubt that there are a number of forgeries still circulating within the art market."[46]

A description of known forgeries includes the following:

  • 1989. Eadred Reliquery. A small 10th century silver vessel, containing a relic of the true cross of Jerusalem. George Greenhalgh turned up "dripping wet" at Manchester University, claiming he'd found it in a river terrace, at Preston. University determined vessel was a fake; but unsure about the wood. Purchased it for a £100. [47] The subject of an academic thesis.[48]
  • 1990. Samuel Peploe still life painting, purportedly inherited from Olive's grandfather, sold for £20,000. However, paint began to flake off and buyer cancelled cheque. Scotland Yard failed to make an arrest at the time due to "organisational restraints."[49][50]
  • 1993 and 1994. Thomas Moran sketch and watercolour acquired by Bolton Museum. "The former was a gift given by the Greenhalghs; the latter was purchased for £10,000."[51]
  • 1995. Anglo-Saxon ring. Tried to sell it through Phillips Auctioneers; determined by British Museum to be a fake.[53]
  • 1995. Twenty-four Thomas Moran sketches sold in New York. Possibly of landscapes of Yellowstone Park in the United States. Police believe up to 40, worth up to £10,000, were created by Greenhalgh, six or seven of which are unaccounted for. He claimed each one only took him thirty minutes to forge, and that a former mayor of Bolton had given them to an ancestor of his who worked for the mayor as a cleaner.[54]
  • 1998. The Risley Park Lanx A Roman silver plate bought for £100,000 by private buyers and donated to the British Museum, who displayed it as genuine replica.[55]
  • L S Lowry. The Meeting House. A pastel, one of a "clutch of paintings" by Lowry.[56] The Greenhalghs claimed it was a 21st birthday present by Olive's gallery owner father[57], and even that some were gifted by Lowry himself. They had copied letters from the artist, inserting their names in to make it look like they were great friends. For example, this letter dated 16 June 1946:

    Dear George, Thank you very much for your recent letter and cheque for the paintings. I have about finished the [illegible] but I will hold onto it untill [sic] I am(?) ready. I will slip round to the yard on Wed. L S Lowry. Received 45.0.0 for paintings[58]

    One of the Lowrys, perhaps the one mentioned above, sold as a replica, for somewhere between "several hundred pounds"[59] and £5,000. Eventually, put up for auction by new owners in Kent as genuine item, for £70,000.[60]
  • 1999. Two gold Roman ornaments. George Greenhalgh withdrew them from Christies when the auction house wanted to do a scientific analysis on them.[61]
  • Barbara Hepworth goose sculpture. Only a photograph known to exist, before item lost in the late 1920s. The Greehalghs claimed it was gifted to the family "by the curator of a museum in Leeds" in the 1950s. Worth approximately £200,000 it was later sold to the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds for £3,000.[62][63]
  • Ancient Celtic kilt brooch[67]
  • Horatio Greenough. Bust of Thomas Jefferson,[68] sold at Sotheby's for £48,000.[69] And/or Thomas Chatterton[70] Another bust of John Adam. Sold together at Sothebys for 160,000.
  • Henry Moore. A carved stone head by Henry Moore, which Greenhalgh Snr tried to convince the Tate Modern, London to buy, claiming to have got it via his grandmother.[71]
  • 2003 Amarna Princess, a statuette. In the family for "a hundred years." Authenticated by the British Museum and Sothebys, bought by Bolton Museum for £440,000, it was on display for three years. A police raid on the Greenhalgh home discovered two more copies. [72][73]
  • 2005. Three Assyrian marble reliefs from Nineveh, including one of an eagle-headed genie and another of soldiers and horses. They were dated by the British Museum at around 681BC, supposedly from the Palace of Sennacherib, and thought to be worth around £250,000 to £300,000. But alerted by Bonhams, their discrepancies were revealed, and the forgery exposed.[74][75]

[edit] Reactions

In the end, Greenhalgh's artistic ability was downplayed. Detective Sgt Rapley of the Metropolitan Police Arts and Antiquities Unit said "Looking at them now I'm not sure the items would fool anyone, it was the credibility of the provenances that went with them." [76] Despite this claim the list of experts and institutions who were fooled is long, and includes the Tate Modern, the British Museum, the Henry Moore Institute, and auction houses Bonhams, Christies, Sothebys and other experts from "Leeds to Vienna."[77] The Faun was displayed at the van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam;[78] while the Amarna Princess went on display at the South Bank Hayward Art Gallery, in an exhibition opened by the Queen.[79] Other unnamed galleries, and various private collectors were fooled as well.[80]

In fact, institutions proclaimed the works and their achievement in obtaining them. The Art Institute of Chicago described The Faun sculpture as a "major rediscovery" and included it in their "definitive" exhibition on Gauguin. [81] Bolton Museum hailed their purchase of the Amarna Princess as "a coup," calling George Greenhalgh "a nice old man who had no idea of the significance of what he owned."[82]

After the trial, Bolton Museum scrambled to distance itself and described itself as "blameless",[83] insisting that it had followed established procedure.[84] The presiding judge, William Morris, exonerated the institution and any Council staff involved, preferring to focus on what he saw as "misapplied" talent and an "ambitious conspiracy;"[85] while the Metropolitan Police Arts and Antiquities Unit would only admit that Greenhalgh had succeeded "to a degree".[86] However, the general public was notably more cynical in its reaction, being unimpressed by what they perceived as the experts' incompetence, and the law's heavy-handedness.[87] Richard Falkiner, the antiquities expert from Bonhams said, "I took one look at the relief and said 'don't make me laugh'...It was an obvious fake. It was far too freshly cut, was made of the wrong stone and was stylistically wrong for the period."[88]

[edit] Gallery

Pictures of the family can be found attached with most articles cited. The best source of images of the forgeries themselves is the BBC article.[89] Those available include:

  • the Amarna Princess
  • unspecified head of a statue
  • Assyrian relief
  • Risley Park Lanx
  • Hepworth goose
  • Moran painting of Yellowstone
  • faked letter
  • detail of Lowry painting, 'The Meeting House.'[90].

Also included in the BBC article:

  • the 1892 catalogue
  • Shaun's toolkit

See as well:

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  2. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007. Minimal references to the brother, but see for examples: Smith, Amanda. "£1m fake statue: family charged", The Bolton News, Apr 21, 2007. And Stokes, Paul. " Family sells fake Egyptian statue for £400,000", Telegraph, Aug 1, 2007.
  3. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques Rogues Show: Update 3", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007.
  4. ^ Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  5. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007
  6. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Con artist set to appeal", The Bolton News, Nov 21, 2007.
  7. ^ Milmo, Cahal. "Family of forgers fool art world with beautifully crafted fakes", New Zealand Herald, Nov 19, 2007. And Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007. And This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  8. ^ Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007; This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  9. ^ Re "meticulous" see: Linton, Deborah. "Family con that fooled the art world", Manchester Evening News, Nov 16, 2007.
  10. ^ Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  11. ^ Grove, Sophie. "Fake It Till You Make It", Newsweek, Dec 15, 2007.
  12. ^ Linton, Deborah. "Family con that fooled the art world", Manchester Evening News, Nov 16, 2007).
  13. ^ re the half-hour watercolour see This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007; re 3 week statue see Linton, Deborah. "Family con that fooled the art world", Manchester Evening News, Nov 16, 2007.
  14. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007. This was said by Olive's lawyer, Brian McKenna, so it may have been a ploy on her behalf.
  15. ^ re peripherality see: Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007; re frontman, etc see: International Herald Tribune, (no byline). "Elderly couple, son sentenced for creating knockoff art and antiques for 17 years", Nov 16, 2007.
  16. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  17. ^ Linton, Deborah. "Family con that fooled the art world", Manchester Evening News, Nov 16, 2007; Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007; and Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007. See also discussion of this in Reactions section.
  18. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  19. ^ Malvern, Jack. "The ancient Egypt statue from Bolton (circa 2003)", Times Online, Mar 27, 2006.
  20. ^ Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007.
  21. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007. And see Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world". The Guardian, Nov, 17 (updated 24), 2007. Note esp here, Ward's updated footnote.
  22. ^ Re using catalogue details see Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007; re "calcite" see Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007;re DIY, etc see This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  23. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007.
  24. ^ Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  25. ^ Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007; re pretence and 100 years see This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  26. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007.
  27. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007. Mentioned in most of the articles cited, sometimes referred to as a relief, bas-relief, raised reliefs, or frieze.
  28. ^ Macquisten, Ivan. "It was Bonhams and ATG columnist who first raised alarm over Greenhalgh fakes", Antiques Trade Gazette, Dec 3, 2007.
  29. ^ Re "not consistent" see International Herald Tribune, (no byline). "Elderly couple, son sentenced for creating knockoff art and antiques for 17 years", Nov 16, 2007; re "atypical" and "concerns," and "full blown" see Milmo, Cahal. "Family of forgers fool art world with beautifully crafted fakes", New Zealand Herald, Nov 19, 2007; re spelling mistake details see This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007. Of the articles cited, so far, Milmo's is the only one to suggest that George also contributed to the failure of the scam.
  30. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007; Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  31. ^ An article that details the typical approach of the forger: Thompson, Clive. "How to make a fake", New York Magazine, May 24, 2004. Accessed December 26, 2007.
  32. ^ Linton, Deborah. "Family con that fooled the art world", Manchester Evening News, Nov 16, 2007.
  33. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  34. ^ Artner, Alan. "Art Institute of Chicago discloses Gauguin sculpture in fact a forgery", Chicago Tribune, Dec 12, 2007.
  35. ^ Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world", The Guardian, November 17, 2007.
  36. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007.
  37. ^ re the 850,000 see This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007; re 1.5 million see International Herald Tribune, (no byline). "Elderly couple, son sentenced for creating knockoff art and antiques for 17 years", Nov 16, 2007.
  38. ^ This derived from general public comments attached to cited articles, especially Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007.
  39. ^ For "lavish" quote see Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007; for "shabby" see This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007; for 'tv' quote see Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007; and for "computer" ref see Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007; and for "abject poverty," quote by Detective Sergeant Vernon Rapley, from the Met's Art and Antiques Unit see the same. Cf in Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world", The Guardian, November 17, 2007, in which the same officer is quoted as describing the conditions as "relatively frugal."
  40. ^ Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007.
  41. ^ re Olive's non-travel see Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007; re George's travel see Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world", The Guardian, November 17, 2007. It's not entirely clear whether he actually went to those places, or if it's just The Guardian referring to local representatives of international auction houses from "Leeds to Vienna."
  42. ^ re general hatred, recognition, see Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007; re profit, shame, show, see Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world", The Guardian, November 17, 2007.
  43. ^ Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world", The Guardian, November 17, 2007.
  44. ^ re the 44 see: Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007; re the 120 see: Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  45. ^ International Herald Tribune, (no byline). "Elderly couple, son sentenced for creating knockoff art and antiques for 17 years", Nov 16, 2007.
  46. ^ Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world", The Guardian, November 17, 2007.
  47. ^ Bunyan, Paul. "Downfall of council house art fakers", Telegraph, Nov 18, 2007.
  48. ^ Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world". The Guardian, Nov, 17 (updated 24), 2007.
  49. ^ Flynn, Tom. "Faking It",Art Quarterly, Summer 2007.
  50. ^ Pallister, David. "Background:'The antique road show,", Guardian, Jan 28, 2008.
  51. ^ Bolton Museum, (no byline). "Amarna Princess statement", Bolton Museum, Nov 29, 2007.
  52. ^ Bailey, Martin. "Revealed: Art Institute of Chicago Gaugain sculpture is fake", The Art Newspaper, Dec 12, 2007.
  53. ^ Pallister, David. "Background:'The antique road show,", Guardian, Jan 28, 2008.
  54. ^ Milmo, Cahal."Family of forgers fooled art world with array of finely crafted", Independent, Nov 17, 2007; Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques Rogues Show: Update 3", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007; This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  55. ^ Pallister, David. "Background:'The antique road show,", Guardian, Jan 28, 2008.
  56. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  57. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques Rogues Show: Update 3", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007.
  58. ^ See the images attached in: Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007
  59. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques Rogues Show: Update 3", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007.
  60. ^ Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  61. ^ Pallister, David. "Background:'The antique road show,", Guardian, Jan 28, 2008.
  62. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques Rogues Show: Update 3", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007;This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007
  63. ^ Bunyan, Nigel. "Downfall of council house art fakers", Telegraph, Nov 18, 2007. Accessed December 13, 2007.
  64. ^ Grove, Sophie. "Fake It Till You Make It", Newsweek, Dec 15, 2007.
  65. ^ Grove, Sophie. "Fake It Till You Make It", Newsweek, Dec 15, 2007.
  66. ^ Lovell, Jeremy. "Octogenerian British art forger sentenced", New Zealand Herald, November 17, 2007. Accessed December 26, 2007.
  67. ^ International Herald Tribune, (no byline). "Elderly couple, son sentenced for creating knockoff art and antiques for 17 years", Nov 16, 2007.
  68. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  69. ^ Pallister, David. "Background:'The antique road show,", Guardian, Jan 28, 2008.
  70. ^ Milmo, Cahal. "Family of forgers fooled art world with array of finely crafted", Independent, November 17, 2007. Accessed December 13, 2007.
  71. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  72. ^ Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007; This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007; Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  73. ^ Flynn, Tom. "Faking It", Art Quarterly, Summer 2007.
  74. ^ Macquisten, Ivan. "It was Bonhams and ATG columnist who first raised alarm over Greenhalgh fakes", Antiques Trade Gazette, Dec 3, 2007.
  75. ^ Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007; This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007; Chadwick, Edward. "Con artist set to appeal", The Bolton News, Nov 21, 2007.
  76. ^ Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007.
  77. ^ Re "Tate Modern," etc see This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007; re from "Leeds to Vienna," see Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world", The Guardian, November 17, 2007.
  78. ^ Bailey, Martin. "Revealed: Art Institute of Chicago is a fake", Dec 12, 2007.
  79. ^ Stokes, Paul. "Family sells fake Egyptian statue for 400,00", Telegraph, Aug 1, 2007.
  80. ^ This is London, (no byline). "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries", Nov 16, 2007.
  81. ^ Bailey, Martin. "Revealed: Art Institute of Chicago is a fake", The Art Newspaper, Dec 12, 2007.
  82. ^ Linton, Deborah. "Family con that fooled the art world", Manchester Evening News, Nov 16, 2007.
  83. ^ Linton, Deborah. "Family con that fooled the art world", Manchester Evening News, Nov 16, 2007. But, again, see note above re "coup."
  84. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007.
  85. ^ Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007.
  86. ^ Ward, David. "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world", The Guardian, November 17, 2007.
  87. ^ See those articles which allow comments, for example, Chadwick, Edward. "Antiques rogues show update", The Bolton News, Nov 17, 2007; Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  88. ^ Macquisten, Ivan. "It was Bonhams and ATG columnist who first raised alarm over Greenhalgh fakes", Antiques Trade Gazette, Dec 3, 2007.
  89. ^ Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007.
  90. ^ Kelly, James. "Fraudsters who resented the art market", BBC News, Nov 17, 2007. For full image of the (same?) Lowry see Times Online, (no byline). "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton", Nov 17, 2007.
  91. ^ Artner, Alan. "Art Institute of Chicago discloses Gauguin sculpture in fact a forgery", Chicago Tribune, Dec 12, 2007.

[edit] References