Shanyu
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Shanyu (Archaic Chinese: dar wa;[citation needed] traditional Chinese: 單于; simplified Chinese: 单于, transliterated Chanyu, the pronunciation in modern Mandarin. It is also sometimes transliterated Shanyu, supposedly because the initial consonant was sh. According to the Guoyu cidian, the pronunciation is Chanyu, with no special literary reading. This was the title used by the rulers of the Xiongnu Luanti clan during the Qin and Han dynasties. Literally, the full phrase in which Chanyu is used means "son of endless sky", clearly an epithet for a ruler, just as the Chinese have called the emperor the "son of heaven". The Xiongnu leadership inheritance system seems to have been what the late Joseph Fletcher called blood tanistry, with the closest male relative inheriting the position of Shanyu from his predecessor. There were sixty historical Shanyu.[citation needed]
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[edit] Yabgu connections
It is believed by some historical linguists to be approximately pronounced "zyam-gu"[citation needed] in archaic Chinese, and is therefore cognate[citation needed], or identical[citation needed] to the title "Yabgu" used by the Turkic rulers throughout the medieval times. The earliest title "Yabgu" was as suggested by Friedrich Hirth to be transliterated as Xihou (Chinese: 翖侯; literally "United/Allied/Confederated Prince") by documents in literary Chinese with regard to Kushan contexts. However, the Chinese does not made clear whether the title was one bestowed on foreign leaders or rather a descriptive title indicating that they were allied, or united. It remains unclear whether the title indicates an alliance with the Chinese or simply with each other. A few scholars, such as Sims-Williams considered the Turkic "Yabgu" to be originally derived from the Chinese "Xihou".[1]
According to Turkish name etymological site, the name "Yabgu" means "1. Eski Türk Devletlerinde "hükümdar" anlamında kullanılan bir san. 2. Yol gösterici, kılavuz."
[edit] List of Xiongnu Shanyus
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| Chinese name | Data | Reign | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Xia, Chun-Wei (夏, 淳維) | Legendary king a.k.a. Sunni[citation needed] | c. 1800-1766BC | ||
| ?Kia?[citation needed] | ??? | ?- 270BC?[citation needed] | ||
| ?Tangriqut?[citation needed] | ??? | ?270 - 240BC?[citation needed] | ||
| Tu-Man (頭曼) | a.k.a. Tumen | 240 - 209BC | ||
| Mo-Tun (冒顿) | a.k.a. Batur | 209 - 174BC | ||
| Ki-Ok (老上) | a.k.a. Kokkhan | 174 - 161BC | ||
| Chun-Chin (車臣) | a.k.a. Kunkhan | 161 - 126BC | ||
| I, Tsin-Xien (伊, 稚邪) | a.k.a. El'chishye | 126 - 114BC | ||
| Wu-Wey (烏維) | a.k.a. Uvey | 114 - 105BC | ||
| Wu, Shi-Lu? (烏, 師盧?) | a.k.a. Uyshilar | 105 - 102/1BC | ||
| Ku/Zhou, Li-Hu (口/句, 黎湖) | a.k.a. Kulighu | 102/1 - 101/0BC | ||
| Chu, Ti-Qu (且, 提侯) | ??? | 101/0 - 96BC | ||
| Hu, Lu-Ku (狐, 鹿姑) | a.k.a. Ghuliqu | 96 - 85BC | ||
| Chu, Yan-Ti (壺, 衍提) | a.k.a. Ghuyandi | 85 - 68BC | ||
| Hsu-Lu (虛閭) & Chuan-Chou (權渠) | Two brothers: Shuluy & Qanghuy | 68 - 60BC | ||
| Ang, Yan-Ti (握, 衍提) | a.k.a. Uyanquti (?月句?) | 60 - 58BC | ||
| Hu, Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) | a.k.a. Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) opposed by... ...Bosiuytang-Zhuki (West) ...Huge (Northwest) ...Cheli (Southwest) ...Uji (Northwest) ...Zhunzhen (West) ...Zhizhi-Guduhu (East) |
58 - 31BC 58 - 56 58 - 57 58 - 56 58 - 57 56 - 54 55 - 47 |
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| Fu-Chu Ley Ju-Ti (復株 累 若提) | a.k.a. Pozhu-Lu-NoTi | 31 - 20BC | ||
| Su-Xie Ju-Ti (搜諧 若提) | Shuzhu-NoTi | 20 - 12BC | ||
| Che-Ya Ju-Ti (車牙 若提) Wu Ley Ju-Ti (烏 累 若提) |
Qiya-NoTi, opposed by U-Lu-NoTi |
12 - 8BC 11 - 10BC |
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| Wu-Zhou Liu Ju-Ti (烏珠 留 若提) | Uchi-Lu-NoTi | 8 BCE - 13 AD | ||
| Wu Ley Ju-Ti (烏 累 若提) | U-Lu-NoTi (restored) | 13 - 18AD | ||
| Hu, Duershi TaoGao-JuTi (呼, 都而尸 道皋 若提) Wu-Ta Ti-Qu (烏達 提侯) |
Ghuduarshi Davga-Noti, opposed by... ...Xiuybudan ...Udatqu |
18 - 46AD 18 - 19AD 21 - 46AD |
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| Pu-Nu (蒲奴) | a.k.a. Panu, he was shunned to the Northwest by KhuKheniy II. The descendants of his supporters were eventually driven to the west of the Caspian sea by Ban Chao where they were noticed by Tacitus |
46 - 48AD | ||
| Hu, Han-Sie/Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) Di II (第二) 醢落尸逐鞮 |
a.k.a. Bey/Bi (KhuKheniy II) of the East partition brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 |
48-56/55AD | ||
| Chiu-Fu Yu-Ti (丘浮 尤提) | Chupu-NoTi | 55/56-56/57AD | ||
| I-Fa Wu Yu-Ti (伊伐 於 慮提) | ??? | 56/57-59AD | ||
| XienTung ShiSuQuTi (醢僮 尸逐侯提) | Shtongsi SuyGhuTi | 59-63AD | ||
| 丘除車林提 | Kuchi QilinTi | 63AD | ||
| HuYeh ShiSuQuTi (湖邪 尸逐侯提) | Ghushi Shisu Quti | 63-85 | ||
| I-Tu-Yi-Lu-Ti (伊屠 於 閭提) | Iltu UluTi | 85-88AD | ||
| XiuLan ShiSuQuTi (休蘭 尸逐侯提) | Shulan | 88-93 | ||
| Anguo (安國) | a.k.a. Arqu started a large scale rebellion against the Han |
93-94AD | ||
| Tindu ShiSuQuTi (亭獨 尸逐侯提) | ??? | 94-98AD | ||
| Wanchi ShiSuQuTi (萬氏 尸逐侯提) | opposed by... ...Finghey |
98-124AD 98-118AD |
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| Wuzhi ShiSuQuTi (烏稽 尸逐侯提) | ??? | 124-127/128 | ||
| Kuti NoShiSuChin (去特 若尸逐就) | Committed suicide | 127/128-140/142? | ||
| Chu-Xiu | ??? | 140 - 143 | ||
| Hu, Lan NoShiSuChin (呼, 蘭 若尸逐就) | Ghoran | 143-147AD | ||
| I-Ling NoShiSuChin (伊陵 若尸逐就) | Illin | 147-172AD | ||
| Dotuk NoShiSuChin (屠特 若尸逐就) | a.k.a. Utno Shisu Quti | 172-177/8AD | ||
| Hu, Ching (呼, 徵) | a.k.a. Ghuzhin | 177/8-179AD | ||
| Jiangqu (羌渠) | a.k.a. Qanquy | 179-188AD | ||
| Luanti Yufuluo (於扶羅) | a.k.a. Qizi ShiSuQu (特至 尸逐侯). The last ShiSu. Overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Shanyu of Xiluo 醯落 and Tu'ge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi. |
188-195AD | ||
| Huchuquan (呼廚泉) | Yufuluo's brother(?) he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu after Yufuluo died. |
195-215/6BC | ||
| Liu Bao (劉豹) | Yufuluo's son. He changed the Shanyu clan name from Luanti to Liu -meaning Dragon in the Xiongnu Language. He bore the title 匈奴 單于 but ruled only over the West partition in Jiuyuan (九原) of the Pingyang Xiongnu newly partitioned into North, South, left (West), right (East), and Centre by Cao Cao |
216-260AD | ||
| 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi | Huchuquan's son. Cao Cao ordered him to rule over the north partition of Pingyang Xiongnu as Tiefu Right Virtuous King (鐵弗 右贤王). |
260-272 | ||
| 劉誥升爰 Liú Gàoshēngyuán | Son of 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi. Bore the title 鐵弗 右贤王 | 272-309 | ||
| Liú Yuān (劉淵) | a.k.a. Guangwen (光文). Son of Liu Bao (劉豹). Bore the title 匈奴 單于 |
309-310 | ||
| Liu He, ch. 劉和 py. liú hé | ??? | 7 days in 310 | ||
| Liu Cong, ch. 劉聰 py. liú cōng | a.k.a. Zhaowu, ch. 昭武, py. zhāo wǔ | 310-318 | ||
| Liu Can, ch. 劉粲 py. liú càn | a.k.a. Yin, ch. 隱 py. yǐn | a month and days in 318 | ||
| Liu Yao ch. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaò | a.k.a. Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ) | 318-329 | ||
| Liu Xi ch. Liu Xi 劉熙; py. liú xī; | Last ruler of Han Zhao | 329 | ||
| 劉虎 Liú Hǔ | Liu Qubei's grandson. He was not allowed to call himself Shanyu | 329-341 | ||
| 劉務恒 Liú Wùhéng | ??? | 341-356 | ||
| 劉閼陋頭 Liú èlòutóu | ??? | 356-358 | ||
| 劉悉勿祈 Liú Xīwùqí | ??? | 358-359 | ||
| 劉衛辰 Liú Wèichén | Emperor Huan | 359-391 | ||
| 劉勃勃 Liú Bóbó | a.k.a. Wulie (武烈 Wǔliè) established Xiongnu Xia 407 and in 413 reverted surname to 赫連 Hèlián | 391-425 | ||
| 赫連昌 Hèlián Chāng | ??? | 425-428 | ||
| 赫連定 Hèlián Dìng | Last native ruler of Huns in China | 428-431 | ||
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu, Section 13 Translated by John E. Hill.
