Shō Shōken
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Shō Shōken (向象賢)(1617-1675), also known as Haneji Chōshū (羽地朝秀), was a Ryūkyūan scholar and served as sessei, a post often translated as "prime minister," from 1666 to 1673. Shō wrote the first history of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, "Mirror of Chūzan" (中山の世鑑, chūzan no sekan), and enacted a number of practical political reforms aimed at improving Ryūkyū's prosperity and dignity in the eyes of China and Japan.
[edit] Background
Like most Ryūkyūan scholars and government officials of the time, Shō Shōken was a yukatchu (良人, lit. "good person"), one of a class of scholars residing in Kumemura, just outside the capital of Shuri, who devoted their lives to classical Chinese studies. He inherited the position of jitō (地頭, District Administrator) from his father, Haneji Goten, in 1640, and began compiling the Mirror of Chūzan in 1650, by the orders of the king Shō Shitsu. According to Haneji shioki (The Directives of Haneji), one of his chief collections of reforms, he was approached in 1666 by a royal messenger, who was sent to offer him the position of sessei (prime minister). Shō refused, demanding that it was inappropriate for such an important appointment to be conveyed by such a lowly messenger. The following day, Inoha Ueekata, a member of the Sanshikan (三司官, Council of Three), arrived to make the same offer, which he accepted immediately.
Shō Shōken's writings, in particular the Mirror of Chūzan, indicate a favor for the lords of Satsuma, the Japanese daimyo to whom all of Ryūkyū was a vassal. It is unclear the extent to which he wrote of them favorably out of fear of reprisal for criticizing them, or out of a genuinely positive view of their customs and politics. Nevertheless, in his writings and in his political behavior, Shō displayed a strong desire for Ryūkyū to emulate Japan more fully. Adopting Japanese customs more outwardly, in terms of language and dress, was made impossible by the need to hide Japanese control or influence in Ryūkyū in order to maintain good relations with China. However, Shō sought to minimize as much as possible any elements of Ryūkyūan custom which could be seen as backwards or undignified in the eyes of Satsuma; he removed the royalty from participation in many traditional rites, and as a result allowed these rites to be much smaller and less extravagant. This also served the important effect of reducing extravagant spending, and allowing Ryūkyū to be more productive and prosperous. In a similar vein, he punished aristocrats and government officials who lived too extravagant a lifestyle; the aristocracy and peasantry both were living beyond their means for much of the early 17th century, a trend which led to widespread poverty.
He worked to sideline the royalty, and the yuta (female priestesses central to Ryūkyū native religion) not out of a desire for power, or to suppress native religion, but in order to cut down on extravagance and on practices which could be perceived as undignified to the Japanese. Ultimately, for all his philosophical writings, Shō was a pragmatist.
Shō Shōken was also a strong believer in Confucianism, having studied under Tonami Jochiku, who in turn studied under the master Nanpo Bunshi. Confucianist views on benevolent leadership and overall morality pervade Shō's writings and his policies. However, in fact his views are more in line with the concept called tentō in Okinawan and tendō (天道, lit. "way of heaven") in Japanese. His telling of Ryūkyūan history, through recounting a lineage of kings, makes use of this concept extensively; it is very similar and closely related to that of the Mandate of Heaven in China. Kings who were poor or malevolent rulers were overthrown by those who were backed by the Way of Heaven.
In writing the first history of Ryūkyū, his political goals and/or cultural views are quite evident. He paints Ryūkyū as being a loyal vassal to Satsuma long before the 1609 invasion, which was in fact done primarily out of desire, on the part of the lords of Satsuma and the Tokugawa shogunate, for wealth and power. He blames the invasion on Ryūkyūan disloyalty and neglect of their feudal obligations to their benevolent lords (Satsuma), and on a corrupt government official named Tei Dō (Okinawan: Jana Ueekata) who led the people astray. In this light, he claims that the benevolent lords of Satsuma had no choice but to invade, as a chastisement for Ryūkyū's disloyalty.
One of the most influential leaders and reformers of the Ryūkyū kingdom, Shō Shōken stepped down from his post in 1673 and died two years later.
[edit] References
- Smits, Gregory (1999). "Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics." Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
