setjmp.h

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setjmp.h is a header defined in the C standard library to provide "non-local jumps" (control flow) outside of the normal function call and return sequence. The paired functions setjmp and longjmp provide this functionality through first saving the environment with setjmp to which longjmp can "jump" from a point elsewhere in the program.

The typical use for setjmp/longjmp is for exception handling — by calling longjmp, the program can jump out of many levels of nested function calls without having to go to the trouble of setting flag variables which need to be checked in each function. A problem with the use of setjmp/longjmp is that cleanup (closing file descriptors, flushing buffers, freeing heap-allocated memory, etc.) will not be conducted.

On systems that support signal handling, POSIX.1 does not specify whether setjmp and longjmp save or restore the current set of blocked signals — if a program employs signal handling it should use POSIX's sigsetjmp/siglongjmp.

Compared to mechanisms in higher-level programming languages such as Python, Java, C++, C#, and particularly in older high-level languages such as Algol 60 and Common Lisp, the setjmp/longjmp technique is archaic. These languages provide more powerful exception handling techniques, while languages such as Scheme and Haskell provide even more general continuation-handling constructs.

[edit] Member functions

setjmp saves the current execution state into a structure of type jmp_buf; later, a longjmp call can transfer control to the point immediately after the call to setjmp. The (apparent) return value from setjmp indicates whether control reached that point normally or from a call to longjmp. This leads to a common idiom: if( setjmp(x) ){/* handle longjmp(x) */}.

[edit] Member types

The C99 Rationale describes jmp_buf as being an array type for backwards compatibility; existing code refers to jmp_buf storage locations by name (without the & address-of operator), which is only possible for array types.^[3]

[edit] Example

In this example, setjmp is used to bracket exception handling, like try in some other languages. The call to longjmp is analogous to a throw statement, allowing an exception to return an error status directly to the setjmp. The following code adheres to the 1999 ISO C standard and SUS by invoking setjmp in a limited range of contexts:^[4]

• As the condition to an if, switch or iteration statement
• As above in conjunction with a single ! or comparison with an integer constant
• As a statement (with the return value unused)

Following these rules can make it easier for the implementation to create the environment buffer, which can be a sensitive operation.^[5] More general use of setjmp can cause undefined behaviour, such as corruption of local variables; conforming compilers and environments are not required to protect or even warn against such usage. However, slightly more sophisticated idioms such as switch ((exception_type = setjmp(env))) { } are common in literature and practice, and remain relatively portable. A simple conforming methodology is presented below, where an additional variable is maintained along with the state buffer. This variable could be elaborated into a structure incorporating the buffer itself.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
 
void first(void);
void second(void);
 
/* This program's output is:
 
calling first
calling second
entering second
second failed with type 3 exception; remapping to type 1.
first failed, exception type 1
 
*/
 
/* Use a file scoped static variable for the exception stack so we can access
 * it anywhere within this translation unit. */
static jmp_buf exception_env;
static int exception_type;
 
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    volatile void *mem_buffer;
 
    mem_buffer = NULL;
    if (setjmp(exception_env)) {
        /* if we get here there was an exception */
        printf("first failed, exception type %d\n", exception_type);
    } else {
        /* Run code that may signal failure via longjmp. */
        printf("calling first\n");
        first();
        mem_buffer = malloc(300); /* allocate a resource */
        printf(strcpy((char*) mem_buffer, "first succeeded!")); /* ... this will not happen */
    }
    if (mem_buffer)
        free((void*) mem_buffer); /* carefully deallocate resource */
    return 0;
}
 
void first(void) {
    jmp_buf my_env;
 
    printf("calling second\n");
    memcpy(my_env, exception_env, sizeof(jmp_buf));
    switch (setjmp(exception_env)) {
        case 3:
            /* if we get here there was an exception. */
            printf("second failed with type 3 exception; remapping to type 1.\n");
            exception_type = 1;
 
        default: /* fall through */
            memcpy(exception_env, my_env, sizeof(jmp_buf)); /* restore exception stack */
            longjmp(exception_env, exception_type); /* continue handling the exception */
 
        case 0:
            /* normal, desired operation */
            second();
            printf("second succeeded\n");  /* not reached */
    }
}
 
void second(void) {
    printf("entering second\n" ); /* reached */
    exception_type = 3;
    longjmp(exception_env, exception_type); /* declare that the program has failed */
    printf("leaving second\n"); /* not reached */
}

[edit] Cooperative multitasking

C99 provides that longjmp is guaranteed to work only when the destination is a calling function, i.e., that the destination scope is guaranteed to be intact. Jumping to a function that has already terminated by return or longjmp is undefined.^[6] However, most implementations of longjmp do not specifically destroy local variables when performing the jump. Since the context survives until its local variables are erased, it could actually be restored by setjmp. In many environments (such as Really Simple Threads and TinyTimbers), idioms such as if(!setjmp(child_env)) longjmp(caller_env); can allow a called function to effectively pause-and-resume at a setjmp.

This is exploited by thread libraries to provide cooperative multitasking facilities without using setcontext or other fiber facilities. Whereas setcontext is a library service which can create an execution context in heap-allocated memory and can support other services such as buffer overflow protection^{[citation needed]}, abuse of setjmp is implemented by the programmer, who may reserve memory on the stack and fail to notify the library or operating system of the new operating context. On the other hand, a library's implementation of setcontext may internally use setjmp in a fashion similar to this example to save and restore a context, after it has been initialised somehow.

Considering that setjmp to a child function will generally work unless sabotaged, and setcontext, as part of POSIX, is not required to be provided by C implementations, this mechanism may be portable where the setcontext alternative fails.

Since no exception will be generated upon overflow of one of the multiple stacks in such a mechanism, it is essential to overestimate the space required for each context, including the one containing main(). Exceeding the allocated space will corrupt the other contexts, usually with the outermost functions first. Unfortunately, systems requiring this kind of programming strategy are often also small ones with limited resources.

#include <setjmp.h>
#include <stdio.h>
 
jmp_buf mainTask, childTask;
 
void call_with_cushion(void);
void child(void);
 
int main(void) {
    if (!setjmp(mainTask)) {
        call_with_cushion(); /* child never returns */ /* yield */
    } /* execution resumes after this "}" when child yields */
    for (;;) {
        printf("Parent\n");
        if (!setjmp(mainTask)) {
            longjmp(childTask, 1); /* yield - note that this is undefined under C99 */
        }
    }
}
 
 
void call_with_cushion (void) {
    char space[1000]; /* Reserve enough space for main to run */
    space[999] = 1; /* Do not optimize array out of existence */
    child();
}
 
void child (void) {
    for (;;) {
        printf("Child loop begin\n");
        if (!setjmp(childTask)) longjmp(mainTask, 1); /* yield - invalidates childTask in C99 */
 
        printf("Child loop end\n");
        if (!setjmp(childTask)) longjmp(mainTask, 1); /* yield - invalidates childTask in C99 */
    }
    /* Don't return. Instead we should set a flag to indicate that main()
       should stop yielding to us and then longjmp(mainTask, 1) */
}

[edit] See also

• setcontext
• continuation

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• setjmp(3): save stack context for non-local goto – Linux man page