SETI@home
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SETI@home ("SETI at home") is a distributed computing (grid computing) project using Internet-connected computers, hosted by the Space Sciences Laboratory, at the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States. SETI is an acronym for the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. SETI@home was released to the public on May 17, 1999.[1][2][3]
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[edit] Scientific research
There were two original goals of SETI@home. The first was to prove the viability and practicality of the 'distributed grid computing' concept, and the second was to do useful scientific work by supporting an observational analysis to detect intelligent life outside Earth.
The first of these goals is generally considered to have succeeded completely. The current BOINC environment, a development of the original SETI@home, is providing support for several computationally intensive projects in a wide range of disciplines.
The second of these goals has failed to date: no evidence for ETI signals has been shown via SETI@home. However, ongoing continuation is predicated on the assumption that the observational analysis is not an 'ill-posed' one. The remainder of this article deals specifically with the original SETI@home observations/analysis.
SETI@home searches for possible evidence of radio transmissions from extraterrestrial intelligence using observational data from the Arecibo radio telescope. The data are taken 'piggyback' or 'passively' while the telescope is used for other scientific programs. The data are digitized, stored, and sent to the SETI@home facility. The data are then parsed into small chunks in frequency and time, and analyzed, using software, to search for any signals--that is, variations which cannot be ascribed to noise, and contain information. The crux of SETI@home is to have each chunk of data, from the millions of chunks resulting, analyzed off-site by home computers, and then have the software results reported back. Thus what appears an onerous problem in data analysis is reduced to a reasonable one by aid from a large, Internet-based community.
The software searches for four types of signals that distinguish them from noise: signals:[citation needed]
- Spikes in power spectra
- Gaussian rises and falls in transmission power, possibly representing the telescope beam's main lobe passing over a radio source
- Triplets — three power spikes in a row
- Pulsing signals that possibly represent a narrowband digital-style transmission
There are many variations on how an ETI signal may be affected by the interstellar medium, and by relative motion of its origin compared to Earth. The potential 'signal' is thus processed in a number of ways (although not testing all detection methods nor scenarios) to ensure the highest likelihood of distinguishing it from the scintillating noise already present in all directions of outer space. For instance, another planet is very likely to be moving at a speed and acceleration with respect to Earth, and that will shift the frequency, over time, of the potential 'signal'. Checking for this through processing is done, to an extent, in the SETI@home software.
The process is somewhat like tuning a radio to various channels, and looking at the signal strength meter. If the strength of the signal goes up, that gets attention. More technically, it involves a lot of digital signal processing, mostly discrete Fourier transforms at various chirp rates and durations.
[edit] Results
While the project has not detected any ETI signals (see extraterrestrial intelligence), it has identified several candidate targets (sky positions), where the spike in intensity is not easily explained as noisespots[4] for further analysis. The most significant candidate signal to date was announced on September 1, 2004, named Radio source SHGb02+14a.
Astronomer Seth Shostak (2004) has stated that he expects to get a conclusive signal and proof of alien contact between 2020 and 2025, based on the Drake equation. This implies that a prolonged effort may benefit SETI@home, despite its (present) nearly ten-year run without success in ETI detection.
While the project hasn't reached the goal of finding extraterrestrial intelligence, it has proved to the scientific community that distributed computing projects using Internet-connected computers can succeed as a viable analysis tool, and even beat the largest supercomputers.[5]. However, it has not been demonstrated that the order of magnitude excess in computers used, many outside the home (the original intent was to use 50,000-100,000 "home" computers) [1] has benefited the project scientifically. (For more on this, see 'threats to project' below.)
[edit] Technology
Anybody with an Internet-active computer can participate in SETI@home by running a free program that downloads and analyzes radio telescope data.
Observational Data are recorded on 36 Gigabyte tapes at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, each holding 15.5 hours of observations, which are then mailed to Berkeley (Korpela et al. 2001). Arecibo does not have a high bandwidth internet connection, so data must go by postal mail to Berkeley at first.[citation needed] Once there, it is divided in both time and frequency domains work units of 107 seconds of data (SETI@home 2001), or approximately 0.35 MB, which overlap in time but not in frequency (Korpela et al. 2001). These work units then get sent from the SETI@home server over the Internet to personal computers around the world to analyze.
The analysis software can search for signals with about one-tenth the strength of those sought in previous surveys, because it makes use of a computationally intensive algorithm called coherent integration that no one else has had the computing power to implement.
Data are merged into a database using SETI@home computers in Berkeley. Interference is rejected, and various pattern-detection algorithms are applied to search for the most interesting signals.
[edit] Software
The SETI@home distributed computing software runs either as a screensaver or continuously while a user works, making use of processor power that would otherwise be unused.
The initial software platform, now referred to as "SETI@home Classic", ran from 17 May 1999 to 15 December 2005. This program was only capable of running SETI@home; it was replaced by Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC), which also allows users to contribute to other distributed computing projects at the same time as running SETI@home. The BOINC platform will also allow testing for more types of signals.
The discontinuation of the SETI@home Classic platform has rendered older Macintosh computers running pre-Mac OS X versions of the Mac OS unsuitable for participating in the project.
On 3 May 2006 new work units for a new version of SETI@home called "SETI@home Enhanced" started being distributed. Computers provide the power for even more computationally intensive work than when the project began. This new version is more sensitive by a factor of two with respect to Gaussian signals and to some kinds of pulsed signals than the original SETI@home (BOINC) software. This new application has been optimized to the point where it will run faster on some workunits than earlier versions. However, some workunits (the best workunits, scientifically speaking) will take significantly longer.
Notably, there have also been some distributions of the SETI@home applications that have been optimized for a particular type of CPU. They are referred to as "optimized executables" and have been found to run faster on systems specific for that CPU. As of 2007, most of these applications are optimized for Intel processors (and their corresponding instruction sets). [6]
SETI@home has also been used as a stress testing tool for computer workstations, as it runs the computer CPU at full power for a sustained time period. This is especially useful to overclockers.
The results of the data processing are normally automatically transmitted when the computer is next connected to the internet; it can also be instructed to connect to the internet as needed.
[edit] Statistics
With over 5.2 million participants worldwide, the project is the distributed computing project with the most participants to date. Contrast this to the original intent of SETI@home, which was to utilize 50,000-100,000 home computers. Since its launch on May 17, 1999, the project has logged over two million years of aggregate computing time. On September 26, 2001, SETI@home had performed a total of 1021 floating point operations. It is acknowledged by the Guinness World Records as the largest computation in history (Newport 2005). With over 362,000 active computers in the system (1.8 million total), as of May 07, 2008, SETI@home has the ability to compute over 480 TeraFLOPS [2]. For comparison, Blue Gene (one of the world's fastest supercomputers) peaks at just over 596 TFLOPS with sustained rate of 478 TFLOPS.
[edit] Project future
There were future plans to get data from the Parkes Observatory in Australia to analyse the southern hemisphere.[7] However, these plans seem to have been discarded, since they aren't mentioned in the project's website. Other plans include a Multi-Beam Data Recorder, a Near Time Persistency Checker and Astropulse (an application that uses coherent dedispersion to search for pulsed signals).[8]
[edit] Competitive aspect
SETI@home users quickly started to compete with one another in an effort to process the maximum number of work units. Teams were formed to combine the efforts of individual users. The competition continued, and grew larger, with the introduction of BOINC.
As with any competition, attempts have been made to 'cheat' the system and claim credit for work that has not been performed. To combat cheats, the SETI@Home system sends every workunit to multiple computers, a value known as "initial replication" (currently 3). Credit is only granted for each returned workunit once a minimum number of results have been returned and the results agree, a value known as "minimum quorum" (currently 2). If, due to computation errors or cheating by submitting false data, not enough results agree, more identical workunits are sent out until the minimum quorum can be reached. The final credit granted to all machines which returned the correct result is the same, and is the lowest of the values claimed by each machine. The claimed credit by each machine for an identical workunit often varies due to very minor differences in floating point arithmetic on different processors.[citation needed]
Some users have installed and run SETI@home on computers at their workplaces — an act known as 'Borging', after the assimilation-driven Borg of Star Trek. In some cases, SETI@home users have misused company resources to gain work-unit results — with at least two individuals getting fired for running SETI@home on an enterprise production system [9][10]. There is a thread in the newsgroup alt.sci.seti which bears the title "Anyone fired for SETI screensaver" and ran starting as early as 14 September 1999.
Other users collected large quantities of equipment together at home to create "SETI farms", which typically consist of a number of computers consisting of only a motherboard, CPU, RAM and power supply that are arranged on shelves as diskless workstations running either Linux or old versions of Windows "headless" (without a monitor).
[edit] Threats to the project
Like any project of prolonged duration, there are factors that may result in its termination. Some of these are detailed below:
[edit] Potential closure of Arecibo Observatory
At present, SETI@home procures its data from the Arecibo Observatory facility, operated by the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, administered by Cornell University. The decreasing operating budget for the observatory has created a shortfall of funds, which have not been made up from other sources, such as private donors, NASA, other foreign research institution, nor private non-profit organizations, such as SETI@home.
The National Science Foundation has made it clear the Arecibo will close in 2011 without such funds, and therefore the present data stream for SETI@home would cease in that situation.
[edit] Alternative distributed computing projects
When the project was launched there were few alternative ways of donating computer time to research projects. However, now there are a lot more options, and therefore SETI@home has to compete with other projects. As different people have different value systems, some will (for example) prefer projects with a relatively high chance of benefiting humanity in the short term, while others will avoid these because they are more likely to be associated with commercial profit. Yet there are now nonprofit organizations working for these humanitarian goals, such as the World Community Grid, which likewise has teams and a points system, yet focuses not-for-profit research that is deemed to be in the interest of the public good, such as AIDS research, proteome folding(term is a blend of proteins and genome), flaviviridae anti-virus research (Yellow Fever, West Nile Virus, Hepatitis C and Dengue Fever) and South African Climate Prediction.
[edit] More restrictive computer use policies in businesses
In at least one documented case, an individual was fired for explicitly importing and using the SETI@home software on computers used for the State of Ohio[[3]] signalling that such non-essential use of SETI@home--outside of the 'home'--can have serious negative consequences.
As of 16 October 2005, approximately one third of the processing for the non-BOINC version of the software was performed on work or school based machines (SETI@home, 2005). As a lot of these computers will give reduced privileges to ordinary users, it is possible that much of this has been done by network administrators.
To some extent, this may be offset by better connectivity to home machines and increasing performance of home computers.[citation needed]
[edit] Funding
There is currently no government funding for SETI research, and private funding is always limited. Berkeley Space Science Lab has found ways of working with small budgets and the project has received donations allowing it to go well beyond its original planned duration, but it still has to compete for limited funds with other SETI projects and other space sciences projects.
In a December 16, 2007 plea for donations, SETI@home stated its present modest state and urged donations for $476,000 needed for continuation into 2008.
[edit] Unofficial clients
A number of individuals and companies made unofficial changes to the distributed part of the software to try to produce faster results, but this compromised the integrity of all the results (Molnar 2000). As a result, the software had to be updated to make it easier to detect such changes.
BOINC allows unofficial clients and relies more on cross-checking. [11]
[edit] Other distributed computing projects
- Further information: List of distributed computing projects
Distributed computing is also being used for medical research, such as to searching for AIDS treatments and in protein folding projects. Since the switch to the BOINC platform however, users can divide work between projects, choosing to give only a percentage of CPU time to each.
However there are a few services which allow the user to manage all of their projects and computers running BOINC in one place, such as GridRepublic.
[edit] See also
- BOINC
- Einstein@Home
- Folding@home
- Grid computing
- List of distributed computing projects
- PlanetQuest
- Rosetta@home
- Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence
- Systemic
[edit] References
- Carrigan, Richard A., Jr. (2003). "The Ultimate Hacker: SETI Signals May Need to Be Decontaminated". Astronomical Society of the Pacfic: 519.
- Foreman, Liz. "State Employee Fired For Using State Property To Search For Aliens", Associated Press, 2004-10-08.
- Korpela, Eric; Dan Werthimer, David Anderson, Jeff Cobb and Matt Lebofsky (January 2001). "SETI@home - Massively Distributed Computing for SETI". Computing in Science & Engineering 3: 78–83. doi:.
- Molnar, David (2000). The SETI@Home Problem. Retrieved on 2006-06-02.
- Newport, Stuart (editor) (2005). Largest Computation. Guinness World Records. HCI Entertainment. Retrieved on 2005-12-03.
- Sample, Ian (2005). Scientists be on guard.... Guinness World Records. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2005-11-25.
- Shostak, Seth. "First Contact Within 20 Years: Shostak", Space Daily, 2004-07-22. Retrieved on 2006-06-12.
- SETI@home (2001). The SETI@home Sky Survey. Retrieved on 2006-06-02.
- SETI@home (2005). SETI@home computer venues. Retrieved on 2006-06-12.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Dr. Tony Phillips (May 23, 1999). ET, phone SETI@home!. NASA. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.
- ^ Robert Nemiroff; Jerry Bonnell (May 17, 1999). Astronomy Picture of the Day. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.
- ^ SETI@home Classic: In Memoriam (December 15, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-10-06.
- ^ Signal Candidate Page at the Classic Seti@home website
- ^ BOINCstats | BOINC combined - Credit overview
- ^ Seti@Home optimized science apps and information
- ^ Southern Hemisphere Search - increasing SETI@home's sky coverage in the "Future directions of SETI@home" page on the Classic Seti@home website
- ^ SETI@home Plans at the SETI@home website
- ^ BBC 2002
- ^ Foreman 2004 First firing was much earlier, but needs citation finding
- ^ SecurityIssues - BOINC - Trac
[edit] External links
- SETI@home - the project's website
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- Early paper proposing the concept (the tradeoff between time and bandwidth changed after this)
- ACM article split between SETI and grid computing aspects.
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- BOINC Wiki (unofficial, not editable)
- How-To: Join Distributed Computing projects that benefit humanity
- Latest statistics on SETI@home
- Top SETI@home users
- SETI@home team statistics
- BOINCpe Live-CD for BOINC
- Volunteer@Home.com — All about volunteer computing
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