Serum response factor

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Serum response factor (c-fos serum response element-binding transcription factor)
PDB rendering based on 1hbx.
Available structures: 1hbx, 1k6o, 1srs
Identifiers
Symbol(s) SRF; MCM1
External IDs OMIM: 600589 MGI: 106658 HomoloGene: 31135
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 6722 20807
Ensembl ENSG00000112658 ENSMUSG00000015605
Uniprot P11831 Q9JM73
Refseq NM_003131 (mRNA)
NP_003122 (protein)		 NM_020493 (mRNA)
NP_065239 (protein)
Location Chr 6: 43.25 - 43.26 Mb Chr 17: 46.01 - 46.02 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

Serum response factor (c-fos serum response element-binding transcription factor), also known as SRF, is a transcription factor.

It is a member of the MADS (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and SRF) box superfamily of transcription factors. This protein binds to the serum response element (SRE) in the promoter region of target genes. This protein regulates the activity of many immediate-early genes, for example c-fos, and thereby participates in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell growth, and cell differentiation. This gene is the downstream target of many pathways; for example, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) that acts through the ternary complex factors (TCFs).[1] SRF is considered very important during the development of the embryo, as it has been linked to the formation of mesoderm [2][3]. In the fully developed mammal, SRF is crucial for the growth of skeletal muscle[4]. Interaction of SRF with other proteins, such as steroid receptors, may contribute to regulation of muscle growth by steroids[5].

[edit] References

  1. ^ Entrez Gene: SRF serum response factor (c-fos serum response element-binding transcription factor).
  2. ^ Sepulveda JL, Vlahopoulos S, Iyer D, Belaguli N, Schwartz RJ. Combinatorial expression of GATA4, Nkx2-5, and serum response factor directs early cardiac gene activity. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jul 12;277(28):25775-82.
  3. ^ Barron MR, Belaguli NS, Zhang SX, Trinh M, Iyer D, Merlo X, Lough JW, Parmacek MS, Bruneau BG, Schwartz RJ. Serum response factor, an enriched cardiac mesoderm obligatory factor, is a downstream gene target for Tbx genes. J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 25;280(12):11816-28.
  4. ^ Li S, Czubryt MP, McAnally J, Bassel-Duby R, Richardson JA, Wiebel FF, Nordheim A, Olson EN. Requirement for serum response factor for skeletal muscle growth and maturation revealed by tissue-specific gene deletion in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jan 25;102(4):1082-7.
  5. ^ Vlahopoulos S, Zimmer WE, Jenster G, Belaguli NS, Balk SP, Brinkmann AO, Lanz RB, Zoumpourlis VC, Schwartz RJ. Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene. J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 4;280(9):7786-92.

[edit] Further reading

  • Miano JM (2004). "Serum response factor: toggling between disparate programs of gene expression.". J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 35 (6): 577-93. PMID 12788374. 
  • Reason AJ, Morris HR, Panico M, et al. (1992). "Localization of O-GlcNAc modification on the serum response transcription factor.". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (24): 16911-21. PMID 1512232. 
  • Janknecht R, Hipskind RA, Houthaeve T, et al. (1992). "Identification of multiple SRF N-terminal phosphorylation sites affecting DNA binding properties.". EMBO J. 11 (3): 1045-54. PMID 1547771. 
  • Marais RM, Hsuan JJ, McGuigan C, et al. (1992). "Casein kinase II phosphorylation increases the rate of serum response factor-binding site exchange.". EMBO J. 11 (1): 97-105. PMID 1740119. 
  • Manak JR, Prywes R (1991). "Mutation of serum response factor phosphorylation sites and the mechanism by which its DNA-binding activity is increased by casein kinase II.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (7): 3652-9. PMID 2046671. 
  • Norman C, Runswick M, Pollock R, Treisman R (1989). "Isolation and properties of cDNA clones encoding SRF, a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element.". Cell 55 (6): 989-1003. PMID 3203386. 
  • Price MA, Rogers AE, Treisman R (1995). "Comparative analysis of the ternary complex factors Elk-1, SAP-1a and SAP-2 (ERP/NET).". EMBO J. 14 (11): 2589-601. PMID 7540136. 
  • Bonni A, Ginty DD, Dudek H, Greenberg ME (1995). "Serine 133-phosphorylated CREB induces transcription via a cooperative mechanism that may confer specificity to neurotrophin signals.". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 6 (2): 168-83. doi:10.1006/mcne.1995.1015. PMID 7551568. 
  • Fujii M, Chuhjo T, Minamino T, et al. (1995). "Identification of the Tax interaction region of serum response factor that mediates the aberrant induction of immediate early genes through CArG boxes by HTLV-I Tax.". Oncogene 11 (1): 7-14. PMID 7624133. 
  • Pellegrini L, Tan S, Richmond TJ (1995). "Structure of serum response factor core bound to DNA.". Nature 376 (6540): 490-8. doi:10.1038/376490a0. PMID 7637780. 
  • Liu SH, Peng BH, Ma JT, et al. (1995). "Serum response element associated transcription factors in mouse embryos: serum response factor, YY1, and PEA3 factor.". Dev. Genet. 16 (3): 229-40. doi:10.1002/dvg.1020160303. PMID 7796532. 
  • Joliot V, Demma M, Prywes R (1995). "Interaction with RAP74 subunit of TFIIF is required for transcriptional activation by serum response factor.". Nature 373 (6515): 632-5. doi:10.1038/373632a0. PMID 7854423. 
  • Liu SH, Ng SY (1994). "Serum response factor associated ETS proteins: ternary complex factors and PEA3-binding factor.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201 (3): 1406-13. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1860. PMID 8024585. 
  • Zhu H, Joliot V, Prywes R (1994). "Role of transcription factor TFIIF in serum response factor-activated transcription.". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (5): 3489-97. PMID 8106390. 
  • Janknecht R, Ernst WH, Houthaeve T, Nordheim A (1993). "C-terminal phosphorylation of the serum-response factor.". Eur. J. Biochem. 216 (2): 469-75. PMID 8375385. 
  • Liu SH, Ma JT, Yueh AY, et al. (1993). "The carboxyl-terminal transactivation domain of human serum response factor contains DNA-activated protein kinase phosphorylation sites.". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (28): 21147-54. PMID 8407951. 
  • Rivera VM, Miranti CK, Misra RP, et al. (1993). "A growth factor-induced kinase phosphorylates the serum response factor at a site that regulates its DNA-binding activity.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 (10): 6260-73. PMID 8413226. 
  • Magnaghi-Jaulin L, Masutani H, Robin P, et al. (1996). "SRE elements are binding sites for the fusion protein EWS-FLI-1.". Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (6): 1052-8. PMID 8604338. 
  • Groisman R, Masutani H, Leibovitch MP, et al. (1996). "Physical interaction between the mitogen-responsive serum response factor and myogenic basic-helix-loop-helix proteins.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (9): 5258-64. PMID 8617811. 
  • Franzoso G, Carlson L, Brown K, et al. (1996). "Activation of the serum response factor by p65/NF-kappaB.". EMBO J. 15 (13): 3403-12. PMID 8670842. 
 This article on a gene on chromosome 6 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v • d • e
Transcription factors and intracellular receptors
(1) Basic domains
(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)
Activating transcription factor (AATF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) • AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) • BACH (1, 2) • BATF • BLZF1 • C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) • CREB (1, 3, L1) • CREM • DBP • DDIT3 • GABPA • HLF • MAF (B, F, G, K) • NFE (2, L1, L2) • NRL • NRF1 • XBP1
(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)
ATOH1 • AhR • AHRR • ARNT • ASCL1 • BHLHB2 • BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) • CLOCK • EPAS1 • HAND (1, 2) • HES (5, 6) • HEY (1, 2, L) • HES1 • HIF (1A, 3A) • ID (1, 2, 3, 4) • LYL1 • MXD4 • MYCL1 • MYCN • Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) • Neurogenins • NeuroD (1, 2) • NPAS (1, 2, 3) • OLIG (1, 2) • Scleraxis • TAL1 • Twist • USF1
(1.3) bHLH-ZIP
MAX • MITF • MNT • MLX • MXI1 • Myc • SREBP (1, 2)
(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
(2) Zinc finger
DNA-binding domains
(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)
subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR) • subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX) • subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Estrogen (α, β), Estrogen related (α, β, γ), Androgen, Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone)) • subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) • subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) • subfamily 6 (GCNF) • subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)
(2.2) Other Cys4
GATA (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) • MTA (1, 2, 3)
(2.3) Cys2His2
ATBF1 • BCL(6, 11A, 11B) • CTCF • E4F1 • EGR (2, 3) • ERV3 • General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF: 1, 2, TFIIH: 1, 2, 4, 2I, 3A, 3C1, 3C2) • GFI1 • GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, YY1) • HIC (1, 2) • HIVEP (1, 2, 3) • IKZF (1, 2, 3) • ILF (2, 3) • KLF (2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13) • MTF1 • MYT1 • OSR1 • Sp1 • zinc finger ((3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 22, 24, 33B, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 51, 74, 143, 146, 148, 165, 202, 217, 219, 238, 239, 259, 267, 268, 281, 295, 318, 330, 346, 350, 365, 366, 384, 451, 452, 471, 593, 638, 649, 655) • Zbtb7 (7A) • ZBT (16, 17, 33)
(2.4) Cys6
(2.5) Alternating composition
AIRE • DIDO1 • GRLF1 • ING (1, 2, 4) • JARID (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2) • JMJD1B
(3) Helix-turn-helix
domains
ARX • CDX (1, 2) • CRX • CUTL1 • DLX (3, 4, 5) • EMX2 • EN (1, 2) • FHL (1, 2, 3) • HESX1 • HHEX • HLX • Homeobox (A1, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C13, D1, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) • HOPX • MEIS (1, 2) • MEOX2 • MNX1 • MSX (1, 2) • NANOG • NKX (2-1, 2-5, 3-1) • PHF (3, 6, 10, 17) • POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: 1, 2, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7) • OTX (1, 2) • PDX1
(3.2) Paired box
PAX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
E2F (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) • FOX proteins (C1, C2, E1, G1, H1, K2, L2, M1, N3, O1A, , O3A, O4, P1, P2, P3)
HSF (1, 2, 4)
(3.5) Tryptophan clusters
ELF (4, 5) • EGF • ELK (1, 3, 4) • ERF • ERG • ETS (1, 2) • ETV (1, 4, 5, 6) • FLI1 • Interferon regulatory factors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) • MYB • MYBL2
(3.6) TEA domain
transcriptional enhancer factor 1, 2
(4) β-Scaffold factors with
minor groove contacts
(4.1) Rel homology region
NF-κB (NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, RELB) • NFAT (C1, C2, C3, C4, 5)
(4.2) STAT
STAT (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(4.3) p53
(4.4) MADS box
Mef2 (A, B, C, D) • SRF
HNF (1A, 1B) • LEF1 • SOX (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18) • SRY • SSRP1
(4.10) Cold-shock domain
(4.11) Runt
(0) Other
transcription factors
(0.2) HMGI(Y)
HMGA (1, 2) • HBP1
Rb • RBL1 • RBL2
(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors
Apetala 2 • EREBP • B3
(0.6) Miscellaneous
ARID (1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A) • CAP • IFI (16, 35) • MLL (2, 3, T1) • MNDA • NFI (A, B, C, X) • NFY (A, B, C) • Rho/Sigma • R-SMAD
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