Serial Experiments Lain

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Serial Experiments Lain

DVD box set of Serial Experiments Lain
Genre Cyberpunk, Psychological thriller
TV anime
Director Ryutaro Nakamura
Studio Flag of Japan Pioneer LDC
Flag of Japan TV Tokyo
Flag of Japan Tatsunoko Pro
Licensor Flag of the United States Flag of Canada Geneon
Flag of the United Kingdom MVM Films
Flag of Australia Flag of New Zealand Madman Entertainment
Network Flag of Japan TV Tokyo
Original run July 6, 1998 – September 28, 1998
Episodes 13
Other

Serial Experiments Lain is an anime series directed by Ryutaro Nakamura, original character design by Yoshitoshi ABe, screenplay written by Chiaki J. Konaka, and produced by Yasuyuki Ueda (credited as production 2nd) for Triangle Staff. It was broadcast on TV Tokyo from July to September 1998. A PlayStation game with the same title was released in November 1998 by Pioneer LDC.

Lain is influenced by philosophical subjects such as reality, identity, and communication.[2] The series focuses on Lain Iwakura, an adolescent girl living in suburban Japan, and her introduction to the Wired, a global communications network similar to the Internet. Lain lives with her middle class family, which consists of her inexpressive older sister Mika, her cold mother, and her computer-obsessed father. The first ripple on the pond of Lain's lonely life appears when she learns that girls from her school have received an e-mail from Chisa Yomoda, a schoolmate who committed suicide. When Lain receives the message at home, Chisa tells her (in real time) that she is not dead, but has just "abandoned the flesh", and has found God in the Wired. From then on, Lain is bound to a quest which will take her ever deeper into both the network and her own thoughts.

The anime series is licensed in North America by Geneon (previously Pioneer Entertainment) on DVD, VHS and LaserDisc. It was also released in Singapore by Odex. The video game, which shares only the themes and protagonist with the series, was never released outside Japan.

The series shows influences from topics such as philosophy, computer history, cyberpunk literature and conspiracy theory, and it was made the subject of several academic articles. English language anime reviewers found it to be "weird" and unusual, but reviews were still generally positive. Producer Ueda said he intended Japanese and American audiences to form conflicting views on the series, but was disappointed in this regard, as the impressions turned out to be similar.

Contents

[edit] Plot

See also: List of Serial Experiments Lain media

Serial Experiments Lain deals directly with the definition of reality, which makes its complex plot difficult to summarize.[3] The story is primarily based on the assumption that everything flows from human thought, memory, and consciousness.[4][5] Therefore, events on screen can be considered hallucinations of Lain, of other protagonists, or of Lain fabricating the hallucinations of others.[5] Story misdirection is central to the plotline;[6] even the offscreen voices or narrations' information cannot be considered truthful.[7] The series consists of a cross-reflection of philosophical themes instead of the traditional linear events depiction: episodes are called "layers".

Serial Experiments Lain describes "the Wired" as the sum of human communication networks, created with the telegraph and telephone services, and expanded with the Internet and subsequent networks. The anime assumes that the Wired could be linked to a system that enables unconscious communication between people and machines without physical interface. The storyline introduces such a system with the Schumann resonance, a property of the Earth's magnetic field that theoretically allows for unhindered long distance communications. If such a link was created, the network would become equivalent to Reality as the general consensus of all perceptions and knowledge (see consensus reality). The thin line between what is real and what is possible would then begin to blur.[8]

Eiri Masami is introduced as the project director on Protocol 7 (the next generation internet protocol in the series' timeframe) for major computer company Tachibana Labs. He has secretly included code of his own creation to give himself control of the Wired through the wireless system described above. He then "uploaded” his consciousness into the Wired and died in real life a few days after. These details are unveiled around the middle of the series, but this is the point where the story of Serial Experiments Lain begins.

Masami later explains that Lain is the artifact by which the wall between the virtual and material worlds is to fall, and that he needs her to get to the Wired and "abandon the flesh”, as he did, to achieve his plan.[9] The series sees him trying to convince her through interventions, using the promise of unconditional love, charm, fate, and, when all else fails, threats and force.

In the meantime, the anime follows a complex game of hide-and-seek between the "Knights of the Eastern Calculus", hackers whom Masami claims are "believers that enable him to be a God in the Wired", and Tachibana Labs, who try to regain control of Protocol 7.

In the end, the viewer sees Lain realizing, after much introspection, that she has absolute power over everyone's mind and over reality itself. Her dialogue with different versions of herself show how she feels shunned from the material world, and how she is afraid to live in the Wired, where she has the possibilities and responsibilities of a goddess.[10] The last scenes feature her erasing everything connected to herself from everyone’s memories. She is last seen unchanged - re-encountering her old friend Alice, who is now married. Lain promises herself to look after Alice.

[edit] Characters

(clockwise from bottom right) Lain, her sister, her father, and her group of friends.
(clockwise from bottom right) Lain, her sister, her father, and her group of friends.

Lain Iwakura (岩倉 玲音 Iwakura Rein?): Lain, the main character, is a 14 year old girl who uncovers her true nature through the series. She is first depicted as a shy junior high school student with few friends or interests. She later grows multiple, bolder personalities, both in the physical and Wired worlds. Lain is voiced by Kaori Shimizu in the Japanese version and Bridget Hoffman in the English version.

Masami Eiri (英利 政美 Eiri Masami?): The key designer of Protocol 7. While working for Tachibana Labs, he illicitly included code enabling him to control the whole protocol at will and "embedded" his own consciousness in the protocol. Consequently, he was fired by Tachibana Labs and was soon found dead on a railway. He believes the only way for humans to evolve further is to absolve themselves from their physical limitations and live as digital entities. Masami is voiced by Shō Hayami in the Japanese version and Kirk Thornton in the English version.

Yasuo Iwakura (岩倉 康男 Iwakura Yasuo?): Passionate about computers and electronic communication, he is shown as working with Eiri Masami at Tachibana Labs. He subtly pushes Lain, his daughter, towards the Wired and monitors her development until she becomes aware of her condition. He leaves her telling her that he did not enjoy playing a family, but did love her. He seems eager to lure her into the Wired,[11] but warns her not to get overly involved in it.[12] Yasuo is voiced by Ryūsuke Ōbayashi in the Japanese version and the late Barry Stigler in the English version.

Alice/Arisu Mizuki (瑞城 ありす Mizuki Arisu?): Lain's classmate and her only true friend throughout the series, Alice is a devoted confidant and has a simple, sincere personality. She is the first to attempt to help Lain socialise by taking her to a nightclub, and from this point always tries to protect and take care of her. Alice is introduced as the shyest part of a junior high school trio, but her character development shows a fearless dedication to her friends. Alice, along with her friends Juri and Reika, were taken by Chiaki Konaka from his previous work, "Alice in Cyberland". Alice is voiced by Yoko Asada in the Japanese version and Emily Brown in the English version.

Mika Iwakura (岩倉 美香 Iwakura Mika?): Lain's older sister, an apathetic 16 year old student who casually picks on her little sister's habits and behavior. Mika is considered by Anime Revolution to be the only normal member of Lain's family:[13] She sees her boyfriend in love hotels, is on a diet, and shops in Shibuya. At a certain point in the series, her consciousness is seriously damaged by violent hallucinations: While Lain begins freely delving into the Wired, Mika is taken there by her proximity to Lain and gets stuck between the physical world and the Wired.[14] Mika is voiced by Ayako Kawasumi in the Japanese version and Patricia Ja Lee in the English version.

Taro (タロウ Tarō?): A young boy of about Lain's age, who occasionally works for the Knights to bring forth "the one truth". He has not yet been made a member, and is unaware of their full intentions. Taro loves virtual reality video games and hangs out all day at the Cyberia night-club with his friends, Myu-Myu and Masayuki. He has been described as a "techno punk teenager" by Michael Tribett,[15] and uses special technology, such as custom HandiNavis and video goggles. Taro takes pride in his internet anonymity,[16] and asks Lain for a date with her Wired self in exchange for information. Taro is voiced by Keito Takimoto in the Japanese version and Brianne Siddall in the English version.

The "Office Worker": A top executive from Tachibana Labs who has his own agenda that he has carried out through the use of the Men in Black. He looks forward to the arrival of a real God through the Wired, and is the man behind the Knights' mass assassination. He is aware of many hidden facts about Lain, but is more inclined to ask questions than to reveal anything. The office worker is voiced by Shigeru Chiba.

The Men in Black: Karl and Lin Sui-Xi work for the above "Office Worker" in tracking down and murdering all of the Knights. They are not told the true plan, but they know that Eiri Masami is involved. They say that they "don't need a Wired God".[17] Karl is voiced by Takumi Yamazaki in the Japanese version and Jamieson Price in the English version. Lin is voiced by George Nakata in the Japanese version and Bob Buchholz in the English version.

[edit] Design

Serial Experiments Lain was conceived as a series original to the point of being considered "an enormous risk" by its producer Yasuyuki Ueda.[18]

[edit] Writing

The authors have been asked in interviews if they had been influenced by Neon Genesis Evangelion, in the themes and graphic design.[19] This was strictly denied by writer Chiaki J. Konaka in an interview, arguing that he had not seen Evangelion until he finished the fourth episode of Lain.[19] Being primarily a horror movies writer, his stated influences are Godard (specially for using typography on screen), The Exorcist, Hell House, and Dan Curtis's House of Dark Shadows.[19] Alice's name, like the names of her two friends Julie and Reika, came from a previous production from Konaka, Alice in Cyberland, which in turn was largely influenced by Alice in Wonderland.[19] As the series developed, Konaka was "surprised" by how close Alice's character became to the original Wonderland character.[19]

Lain's custom computer, which features holographic displays and liquid carbon dioxide cooling, exemplifies the use of advanced technology in the series.
Lain's custom computer, which features holographic displays and liquid carbon dioxide cooling, exemplifies the use of advanced technology in the series.[15]

Lain's creators have been said to be "quite well read" and to "draw upon dozens if not hundreds of real-world sources for what seem to be the most outré concepts in the story":[20]

Vannevar Bush (and Memex), John C. Lilly, Timothy Leary and his 8-Circuit Model of Consciousness, Ted Nelson and Project Xanadu are cited as precursors to the Wired.[21] Douglas Rushkoff and his book Cyberia were originally to be cited as such,[14] and in Lain Cyberia became the name of a nightclub populated with hackers and techno-punk teenagers.[15] Likewise, the series' Deus ex machina lies in the conjunction of the Schumann resonance and Jung's collective unconscious (the authors chose this term over Kabbalah and Akashic Record).[22] Majestic 12 and the Roswell UFO incident are used as examples of how a hoax might still have an impact on history, even after having been exposed as such, by creating sub-cultures.[22] This links again to Vannevar Bush, the alleged "brains" of MJ12. Two of the literary references in Lain are quoted through Lain's father: he first logs onto a website with the password "Think Bule Count One Tow" ("Think Blue, Count Two" is an Instrumentality of Man story featuring virtual persons projected as real ones in people's minds);[11] and his saying that "madeleines would be good with the tea" in the last episode makes Lain "one of the only cartoons ever to allude to Proust".[23][24]

[edit] Character design

ABe came up with Lain's hair by imagining Lain cutting it herself and making a ponytail of what was left. This was later included in his Omnipresence in the Wired artbook.
ABe came up with Lain's hair by imagining Lain cutting it herself and making a ponytail of what was left.[25] This was later included in his Omnipresence in the Wired artbook.[26]

Yoshitoshi ABe confesses to have never read manga as a child, as it was "off-limits" in his household.[27] His major influences are "nature and everything around him".[14] Specifically speaking about Lain's character, ABe was inspired by Kenji Tsuruta, Akihiro Yamada, Range Murata, and Yukinobu Hoshino.[25] In a broader view, he has been influenced in his style and technique by Japanese artists Chinai-san and Tabuchi-san.[14]

The character design of Lain isn’t ABe’s sole responsibility: her distinctive left forelock was a demand from Yasuyuki Ueda. The goal was to produce asymmetry to reflect Lain’s unstable and disconcerting nature.[28] It was designed as a mystical symbol, as it is supposed to prevent voices and spirits from being heard by the left ear.[25] The bear pajamas she wears were a demand from character animation director Takahiro Kishida. Though bears are a trademark of the Konaka brothers, Chiaki Konaka first opposed the idea.[19] Director Nakamura then explained how the bear motif could be used as a shield for confrontations with her family. It is a key element of the design of the shy "real world" Lain (see "mental illness" under themes).[19] When she first goes to the Cyberia night club, she wears a bear hat for similar reasons.[28] The pajamas were finally considered as possible fan-service by Konaka, in the way they enhance Lain’s nymph aspect.[19]

Abe’s original design was generally more complicated than what finally appeared on screen. As an example, the X-shaped hairclip was to be an interlocking pattern of gold links. The links would open with a snap, or rotate around an axis until the moment the " X ” became a " = ”. This was not used as there is no scene where Lain takes her hairclip off.[29]

[edit] Themes

Serial Experiments Lain is not a conventionally linear story, but "an alternative anime, with modern themes and realization".[30] Themes range from theological to psychological and are dealt with in a number of ways: from classical dialogue to image-only introspection, passing by direct interrogation of imaginary characters.
Communication, in its wider sense, is one of the main themes of the series,[31] not only as opposed to loneliness, but also as a subject in itself. Writer Konaka said he wanted to directly "communicate human feelings". Director Nakamura wanted to show the audience - and particularly viewers between 14 and 15 - "the multidimensional wavelength of the existential self: the relationship between self and the world".[21] The intrusion of technology in the social structure is part of the process described:[15] as Lain embraces the Wired, the viewer can see her drifting apart from her friends and family, to the point where "she can no longer relate to and interact with her fellow humans".[15]
Loneliness, if only as representing a lack of communication, is recurrent through Lain.[5] Lain herself (according to Anime Jump) is "almost painfully introverted with no friends to speak of at school, a snotty, condescending sister, a strangely-apathetic mother, and a father who seems to want to care but is just too damn busy to give her much of his time".[6] Friendships turn on the first rumor;[32][5] and the only insert song of the series is named Kodoku no shigunaru, literally "signal of loneliness".[33]

The different personalities of Lain have their names written using different scripts.
The different personalities of Lain have their names written using different scripts.

Mental illness in general, and specifically Dissociative identity disorder is a significant theme in Lain:[29] she is constantly confronted with alter-egos, to the point where writer Chiaki Konaka and Lain's seiyū Kaori Shimizu had to agree on subdividing the character's dialogues between three different orthographs.[29] The three names designate distinct "versions" of Lain: the real-world, "childish" Lain has a shy attitude and bear pajamas. The "advanced" Lain, her Wired personality, is bold and questioning. Finally, the "evil" Lain is sly and devious, and does everything she can to harm Lain or the ones close to her.[19] As a writing convention, the authors spelled their respective names in kanji, katakana, and roman characters (see picture).[34]
Reality never has the pretense of objectivity in Lain.[35] Acceptations of the term are battling throughout the series, such as the "natural" reality, defined through normal dialog between individuals; the material reality; and the tyrannic reality, enforced by one person onto the minds of others.[5] A key debate to all interpretations of the series is to decide whether matter flows from thought, or the opposite.[36][5] The production staff carefully avoided "the so-called God's Eye Viewpoint" to make clear the "limited field of vision" of the world of Lain.[35]
Theology plays its part in the development of the story too. Lain has been viewed as a questioning of the possibility of an infinite spirit in a finite body.[37] From self-realization as a goddess to deicide,[24] religion (the title of a layer) is an inherent part of Lain 's background.[37]

[edit] Apple computers

Layer 11: INFORNOGRAPHY features the Apple advertising slogan and an iMac.
Layer 11: INFORNOGRAPHY features the Apple advertising slogan and an iMac.

Lain contains extensive references to Apple computers, as the brand was used at the time by most of the creative staff, such as writers, producers, and the graphical team.[19] As an example, the title at the beginning of each episode is announced by the Apple Computer Speech synthesis program PlainTalk, using the voice "Whisper". Tachibana Industries, the company that creates the NAVI computers, is a reference to Apple computers: "tachibana" means "Mandarin orange" in Japanese. NAVI is the abbreviation of Knowledge Navigator, and the HandiNAVI is based on the Apple Newton, one of the world's first PDAs. The NAVIs are seen to run "Copland OS Enterprise" (this reference to Copland was an initiative of Konaka, a declared Apple fan),[19] and Lain's and Alice's NAVIs closely resembles the Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh and the iMac respectively.

During a series of disconnected images, an iMac and the Think Different advertising slogan appears for a short time, while the Whisper voice says it.[38] This was an unconcerted insertion from the graphic team, also Mac-enthusiasts.[19] Other subtle allusions can be found: "Close the world, Open the nExt" is the slogan for the Serial Experiments Lain video game. NeXT was the company that produced NeXTSTEP, which later evolved into Mac OS X after Apple bought NeXT. Another example is "To Be Continued." at the end of episodes 1–12, with a blue "B" and a red "e" on "Be": this "Be" is the original logo of Be Inc., NeXT's main competitor in its time.[39]

[edit] Reception

Lain was first broadcast in Tokyo at 1:15 a.m. JST. The word "weird" appears almost systematically in English language reviews of the series,[7][6][40] or the alternatives "bizarre",[41] and "atypical",[42] due mostly to its almost total absence of sexual and violent content, and due to its philosophical and psychological context. Critics responded positively to these thematic and stylistic characteristics, and it was awarded an Excellence Prize by the 1998 Japan Media Arts Festival for "its willingness to question the meaning of contemporary life" and the "extraordinarily philosophical and deep questions" it asks.[43] According to Christian Nutt from Newtype USA, the main attraction to the series is its keen view on "the interlocking problems of identity and technology". Nutt saluted ABe's "crisp, clean character design" and the "perfect soundtrack" in his 2005 review of series, saying that "Serial Experiments Lain might not yet be considered a true classic, but it's a fascinating evolutionary leap that helped change the future of anime."[44] Anime Jump gave it 4.5/5,[6] and Anime on DVD gave it A+ on all criteria for volume 1 and 2, and a mix of A and A+ for volume 3 and 4.[40]

Lain's neighborhood. The "blood pools" represent the Wired's presence "beneath the surface" of reality.
Lain's neighborhood. The "blood pools" represent the Wired's presence "beneath the surface" of reality.[14]

Lain was subject to commentary in the literary and academic worlds. The Asian Horror Encyclopedia calls it "an outstanding psycho-horror anime about the psychic and spiritual influence of the Internet".[45] It notes that the red spots present in all the shadows look like blood pools (see picture). It notes the death of a girl in a train accident is "a source of much ghost lore in the twentieth century", more so in Tokyo. The Anime Essentials anthology by Gilles Poitras describes it as a "complex and somehow existential" anime that "pushed the enveloppe" (sic) of anime diversity in the 1990s, alongside the much better known Neon Genesis Evangelion and Cowboy Bebop.[46] Professor Susan J. Napier, in her reading to the American Philosophy Society called The Problem of Existence in Japanese Animation, compared Serial Experiments Lain to Ghost in the Shell and Hayao Miyazaki's Spirited Away.[47] According to her, the main characters of the two other works cross barriers; they can cross back to our world, but Lain cannot. Napier asks whether there is something to which Lain should return, "between an empty 'real' and a dark 'virtual'". Mitchell Tribbett from Reed College interprets Lain as a symbol of Japan's post-war social and cultural struggles. In his essay Serial Experiments: Lain as a Reflection of Modern Japanese Anxieties in the Digital Era, Tribbett sees the Wired in Lain as representative of the westernized, non hierarchical society that co-exists with traditional Japanese culture.[15]

Producer Ueda had to answer repeated queries about a statement made in an Animerica interview.[14][48][25] The controversial statement said Lain was "a sort of cultural war against American culture and the American sense of values we [Japan] adopted after World War II".[22] He later explained in numerous interviews that he created Lain with a set of values he took as distinctly Japanese; he hoped Americans would not understand the series as the Japanese would. This would lead to a "war of ideas" over the meaning of the anime, hopefully culminating in new communication between the two cultures. When he discovered that the American audience held the same views on the series as the Japanese, he was disappointed.[48]

[edit] Publications and other media

Main article: List of Serial Experiments Lain media

The Lain franchise was originally conceived to connect across forms of media (anime, video games, manga). Producer Yasuyuki Ueda said in an interview, "the approach I took for this project was to communicate the essence of the work by the total sum of many media products."[21] The scenario for the video game was written first, and the video game was produced at the same time as the anime series, though the series was released first. A doujinshi named "The Nightmare of Fabrication" was produced by Yoshitoshi ABe and released in Japanese in the artbook Omnipresence in The Wired. Ueda and Konaka declared in an interview that the idea of a multimedia project was not unusual in Japan, as opposed to the contents of Lain, and the way they are exposed.[21] Several soundtrack CDs have been released.

[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ Serial Experiments Lain (anime) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia
  2. ^ Napier, Susan J. (November 2002). "When the Machines Stop: Fantasy, Reality, and Terminal Identity in Neon Genesis Evangelion and Serial Experiments Lain". Science Fiction Studies 29 (88): 418–435. ISSN 00917729. 
  3. ^ Movie Gazette: "Serial Experiments Lain Volume 3: Deus" Review. Retrieved on 2006-10-11.
  4. ^ Alice: "One have never existed if there is no memory." Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 13: EGO.
  5. ^ a b c d e f DVDoutsider Review of Serial Experiments Lain. Retrieved on 2006-11-24.
  6. ^ a b c d Toole, Mike (2003-10-16). Anime Jump!: Serial Experiments Lain Review. Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  7. ^ a b Movie Gazette: "Serial Experiments Lain Volume 2: Knights" Review. Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  8. ^ Narrator: "It is called "Shuman Effect". It is the brain wave of the earth. But we still don't know how it affects humans. Human's population on earth will become the same number as neurons in a brain. Douglas Rushkoff claims that it will awake the consciousness of earth itself by connecting humans to each other by network." Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 09: PROTOCOL. Eiri Masami: "Humans have been already connected. I just restored them. You did cause it. So you may do anything you want." Layer 12: LANDSCAPE
  9. ^ Eiri: "But there is one believer left. If there is one believer, I'm still God." Lain: "Who?" Eiri: "Are you kidding? It's you, Lain. You can be you because of me. You were born in the wired. You were a legend in the wired, and a heroine in a Wired fairy tale (...) You don't need your flesh, Lain. (...) You'll love me who sent you to this world." Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 10: LOVE.
  10. ^ Lain 1: "I'm nowhere... If I am nowhere, what am I? Where am I?" Lain 2: "Even if you don't like, it is Lain. It is me. You know it. Yes. Lain is not a human. (laugh) Lain exists everywhere. Lain watches still. Yes, Lain is a goddess!" Lain1: "No! No!" Layer 13: EGO
  11. ^ a b Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 01: WEIRD
  12. ^ Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 03: PSYCHE
  13. ^ Anime Revolution: Serial Experiments Lain character profiles. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Otakon Lain Panel Discussion with Yasuyuki Ueda and Yoshitoshi ABe (2000-08-05). Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Serial Experiments: Lain as a Reflection of Modern Japanese Anxieties in the Digital Era, by Michael Tribett. Anthropology of Japan, Reed College.
  16. ^ Taro: "Nobody knows what is fun and why it is fun for me" Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 08, "Rumors".
  17. ^ Karl: "We don't need God." Lin: "Both in the Wired and real world." Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 10, "Love".
  18. ^ Scipion, Johan (2003). Animeland.com: Yoshitoshi ABe and Yasuyuki Ueda Interview (French). Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nakajima, Shin-suke (1999). HK: Interview with Chiaki Konaka. Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  20. ^ Serial Experiments Lain on tvtropes.org, retrieved on 10-10-2006.
  21. ^ a b c d Animerica, (Vol. 7 No. 9, p.28)
  22. ^ a b c Animerica, (Vol. 7 No. 9, p.29)
  23. ^ Yasuo: "I will bring madeleines next time. They will taste good with the tea." Serial Experiments Lain, Episode 13, "Ego".
  24. ^ a b Movie Gazette: "Serial Experiments Lain Volume : Reset" Review. Retrieved on 2006-10-11.
  25. ^ a b c d The Anime Colony (2000-08-07). Online Lain Chat with Yasuyuki Ueda and Yoshitoshi ABe. Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  26. ^ ABe, Yoshitoshi (1998). "Hair cut 01-04", Omnipresence In The Wired (in Japanese). Pioneer LDC. ISBN 4-7897-1343-1. 
  27. ^ Anime Jump!: Lain Men: Yoshitoshi ABe (2000). Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  28. ^ a b ’’FRUiTS Magazine No. 15’’, October 1998.
  29. ^ a b c Manga Max Magazine, September 1999, p.22, "Unreal to Real"
  30. ^ Benkyo! Magazine, March 1999, p.16, "In My Humble Opinion"
  31. ^ T.H.E.M.Anime Review of Serial Experiments Lain. Retrieved on 2006-11-24.
  32. ^ Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 08: RUMORS
  33. ^ List of Serial Experiments Lain songs. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.
  34. ^ ABe, Yoshitoshi (1998). Visual Experiments Lain. Triangle Staff/Pioneer LDC.. ISBN 4-7897-1342-3. , page 42
  35. ^ a b Manga Max Magazine, September 1999, p.21, "God's Eye View"
  36. ^ Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 06: KIDS: "your physical body exists only to confirm your existence".
  37. ^ a b Study on Lain, Buffy, and Attack of the clones by Felicity J. Coleman, lecturer at the University of Melbourne. From the Internet Archive.
  38. ^ Serial Experiments Lain, Layer 11: INFORNOGRAPHY.
  39. ^ (Archived) former Be, inc. official website. Retrieved on 2006-11-27.
  40. ^ a b Robinson, Tasha. Sci-Fi Weekly: Serial Experiments Lain Review. Retrieved on 2006-09-16., Beveridge, Chris (1999-07-13). AnimeOnDVD: "Serial Experiments Lain Vol. #1" Review. Retrieved on 2006-09-16., Southworth, Wayne. The Spinning Image: "Serial Experiments Lain Volume 4: Reset" Review. Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  41. ^ Silver, Aaron. Anime News Network: Serial Experiments Lain DVD Vol. 1–4 Review. Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  42. ^ Lai, Tony. DVD.net: "Lain: Volume 1 - Navi" Review. Retrieved on 2006-09-16.
  43. ^ Japan Media Arts Plaza (1998). 1998 (2nd) Japan Media Arts Festival: Excellence Prize - serial experiments lain. Retrieved on 2006-09-16.From the Internet Archive.
  44. ^ Nutt, Christian (January 2005). "Serial Experiments Lain DVD Box Set: Lost in the Wired". Newtype USA 4 (1): 179. 
  45. ^ Bush, Laurence C. (October 2001). Asian Horror Encyclopedia. Writers Club Press. ISBN 0-595-20181-4. , page 162.
  46. ^ Poitras, Gilles (December 2001). Anime Essentials. Stone Bridge Press, LLC. ISBN 1-880656-53-1. , page 28.
  47. ^ The Problem of Existence in Japanese Animation, by Pr. Susan J. Napier, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 149, No. 1, March 2005.
  48. ^ a b Anime Jump!: Lain Men:Yasuyuki Ueda. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.

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