Security certificate

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In Canada, a security certificate is a legal mechanism by which the Government of Canada can detain and deport foreign nationals and all other non-citizens living in Canada. The federal government may issue a certificate naming a refugee, permanent resident or any other non-citizen who is suspected of violating human or international rights, of having membership within organized crime, or is perceived to be a threat to national security.^[1] Individuals named in a certificate are inadmissible to Canada and are subject to a removal order.^[2] Where the government has reasonable grounds to believe that the individual named in the certificate is a danger to national security, to the safety of any person or is unlikely to participate in any court proceedings, the individual can be detained.^[3] The entire process is subject to a limited form of review by the Federal Court.

According to the Ministry of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, the overarching agency dealing with the law, the security certificate provision has existed in "one form or another for over 20 years."^[4] Its use has been documented at least as far back as 1979 however^[5], and it has been reported that its first use was in the 1960s deporting an alleged Italian mob boss. ^[6] It is housed within the parameters of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (formerly the Immigration and Refugee Act, which replaced the Immigration Act in 1976). It was amended and took on its present structure in 1991, with an additional amendment in 2002.

The security certificate process (sections 33 and 77 to 85 of IRPA) was found to be in violation of sections 7, 9 and 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in the landmark Charkaoui case on 23 February 2007. The Supreme Court suspended the effect of its ruling for one year. On 22 October 2007, the Conservative government introduced a bill to amend the security certificate process by introducing a "special advocate", lawyers who would be able to view the evidence against the accused. However, these lawyers would be selected by the Justice minister, would only have access to a "summary" of the evidence, and would not be allowed to share this information with the accused, for example in order to ask for clarifications or corrections.^[7] The amendments are modelled on a much-criticized process already in use in the United Kingdom, and are expected to pass as they are supported by the opposition Liberal party.

Contents 1 Issuing and reviewing a certificate 2 Detention and deportation 3 Outstanding security certificates 4 Past security certificates 5 Criticisms 6 Constitutionality of the security certificate 7 Notes 8 External links

[edit] Issuing and reviewing a certificate

Certificates are governed by the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The certificate is prepared by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) and signed by the Solicitor General of Canada, currently the Minister of Public Safety, and the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration when a non-citizen, either a permanent resident, refugee or foreign national located in Canada, is deemed to be inadmissible on the grounds that the subject is suspected to be a threat to national security, or has violated human rights abroad, or is involved with organized crime. The signed certificate is then referred to a Federal Court judge who reviews the evidence prepared by CSIS. Hearsay is admissible as evidence. All or part of the evidence may be heard in secret, in the absence of the subject of the certificate, if the judge deems that airing it publicly may hurt national security or put the safety of any individual at risk. There is no provision for such evidence or precise allegations to be revealed to the subject being detained or to his or her lawyer, though the judge may provide a summary of the evidence provided. Key terms, such as "national security", are not defined in the Act.

If the judge determines that the certificate is not "reasonable" (the order of proof used in security certificate cases), the certificate is quashed. If, however, the judge decides that it is "reasonable", then the certificate becomes a removal order. The Federal Court's decision cannot be appealed.

[edit] Detention and deportation

In the case of refugees and refugee applicants, the named person is automatically detained, without the opportunity to apply for release on bail until 120 days after the certificate is upheld by a Federal Court judge. In the case of Permanent Residents, where the government has reasonable grounds to believe that the individual named in the certificate is a danger to national security, to the safety of any person or is unlikely to participate in any court proceedings, the individual can be detained, with the opportunity to apply for release on bail every six months from the beginning of their detention.^[8]

An individual may be held for several years, without any criminal charges being laid, before the review is completed.

In practice, the fact that there is often a risk of torture on the one hand, and a limited legal opportunity to challenge detention, on the other, has meant that named individuals are neither released from prison nor deported after the certificate is upheld.

Amnesty International wrote of several security certificate detainees on 2 February 2007, “Their detention has truly become tantamount to being indefinite as they have limited choices: either remain detained while continuing to pursue legal challenges to the unjust procedure that governs their cases, or agree to be returned to countries where Amnesty International believes they face a serious risk of torture.”

A recent trend has been towards releasing detainees under strict conditions or transferring them to house arrest.

People named under certificates are exempted from legal provisions designed to prevent deportations to risk of torture or other human rights abuse. The government's position, following its interpretation of the Supreme Court Suresh ruling, is that a named individual can be deported even if it is found that they risk torture or death.

[edit] Outstanding security certificates

Currently, there are six individuals being detained in Canada under a security certificate:

• Hassan Almrei, a Syrian refugee who has been detained in a Toronto jail since October 2001. Transferred to the "Kingston Immigration Holding Centre" in April 2006. Has held several prolonged hunger strikes, the longest lasting over 100 days.
• Mohammad Zeki Mahjoub, an Egyptian detained in Toronto since June 2000, ordered released under house arrest by a Federal Court judge on February 15th, 2007.^[9]
• Mahmoud Jaballah, an Egyptian detained in Toronto since August 2001, also ordered to be released under house arrest by a Federal Court judge on March 6th, 2007.^[10]

• Adil Charkaoui, a Moroccan-born Montrealer detained from May 2003 until February 2005, when he was freed on strict conditions of release. His certificate has not yet undergone the Federal Court review.

• Mohamed Harkat, an Algerian held in Toronto since December 2002 and released on bail in June 2006. He remains under 24-hour supervision and must wear an electronic monitoring device. He was ordered deported in July 2006 but remains in Canada as court battles continue.

• Manickavasagam Suresh, a Sri Lankan, first arrested in 1995 and held till 1998. He was ordered deported, but ongoing court processes have kept him in Canada under conditions.^[11]

[edit] Past security certificates

In addition to the eight people who currently have cases pending, twenty others have been charged under Security Certificate legislation since 1991.^[12]

• Ernst Zundel, a German permanent resident of Canada since 1958 was Arrested in May 2003 and deported in March 2005.
• Mourad Ikhlef, an Algerian living in Montreal who gained refugee status in 1994, was arrested in December 2001 and deported in February 2003.
• Iqbal Singh, an Indian refugee living in Toronto who gained status in 1993, was arrested in April 1998 and deported to Belize in January 2000.
• Hani Abdul Rahim al Sayegh was arrested in March 1997 and deported in June 1997 to the U.S. Subsequently he was deported in 1999 to Saudi Arabia to face criminal charges.
• Aynur Saygili, a non-status refugee from Turkey, living in Montreal, was arrested in November 1996, and deported to France in August 1997.
• Djafar Seyfi, an Iranian refugee who gained status in 1995, was arrested in September 1996 and deported later the same year.
• Effat Nejati, also known as Shahla Moharrami, was Iranian non-status refugee living in Toronto. She was arrested in August 1996 and deported to Britain in November of that year.
• Yelena Borisovna Olshanskaya, and Dmitriy Vladimirovich Olshanskiy were Russian nationals, arrested in May 1996 and deported in June of that year.
• Satkuneswaran Kandiah, a Sri Lankan national who resided in Montreal was arrested October 1995 and disappeared before his court hearing.
• Wahid Khalil Baroud, a Palestinian who resided in Toronto, was arrested in June 1994, and deported in 1995 to Sudan.
• Hardeep Singh, also known as Maan Singh Sidhu, was an Indian national arrested in June 1994 and deported January of 1995.
• Mohamed Hussein al Husseini, a Lebanese status refugee who resided in Montreal was arrested in 1993, and deported in 1994.
• Issam Al Yamani, a Palestinian permanent resident, was investigated after applying for citizenship in 1988. Between the years of 1993 and 2000 Yamani was named in two separate security certificate investigations, both of which were quashed by judges. Deportation proceedings were subsequently re-initiated under normal immigration procedures and the matter is still before the courts^[13][14]
• Mansour Ahani, an Iranian was arrested in June of 1993 and deported in January 2002. Ahani was held for the nine years in which he unsuccessfully fought against his charges.
• Saleh Mousbah Zakout, a Palestinian, was arrested upon his arrival in Toronto in 1993 and deported the following year.
• Robab Farahi-Mahdavieh, an Iranian, was arrested in 1992 and deported to Britain in March of 1993.
• Parvin Khassebaf, an Iranian, arrested in August 1993 and deported to France in September of that year.
• Mahmoud Abu Shandi, a Palestinian living in Montreal, was arrested in October 1991 and deported in February of 1992, first to Algeria, then Libya.
• Joseph and Sarah Smith, Iraqi citizens, arrested in 1991 at a Toronto airport as they disembarked from their plane. They were subsequently released due to the removal of their certificate, and able to claim refugee status.
• Paul William Hampel, alleged to be a Russian spy using a pseudonym, was arrested on November 14, 2006, at a Montreal Airport after a security certificate, naming the individual in question, was signed by Public Safety Minister Stockwell Day.^[15]

[edit] Criticisms

The families of the detainees, supported by thousands of individuals across Canada, have campaigned against the security certificate, arguing that they violate the guarantees of equality and fundamental justice enshrined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom, creating a two-tiered justice system and allowing individuals to be detained indefinitely, on the basis of secret suspicions, under threat of deportation to torture.

Criticism related to violations of civil liberties and due process include the fact that allegations are vague and general, key terms are not defined, precise allegations do not exist or are not disclosed, the low order of proof effectively reverses the burden of proof so that the named person has to prove his innocence, the lack of disclosure of information in the file, the fact that information provided to the court can include hearsay and is known to have included information produced under torture, the fact that evidence has been tainted by destruction of evidence by CSIS, and the lack of appeal. .

Alexandre Trudeau, son of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau has been vocal in his criticisms of the certificates and has appeared in court to testify in favour of Almrei's and Charkaoui's release, offering to act as a surety on their behalf. Other well-known figures who have joined the campaign against security certificates include Warren Allmand, former Solicitor-General of Canada; Flora MacDonald, former Foreign Affairs Minister of Canada; Denys Arcand; Bruce Cockburn, Naomi Klein, and Maude Barlow.

The Canadian Bar Association, Amnesty International Canada, Human Rights Watch, and the Canadian Council for Refugees are among the organisations who have taken a position against security certificates. ^[16]

Members of Parliament from all major political parties in Canada have criticised the measure and called for its abolition. Several have offered to become a surety to some of the detainees. The New Democratic Party has called for the abolition of the measure.

Three United Nations committees - the UN Committee against Torture[3], the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention[4], and the UN Human Rights Committee[5] - have condemned the security certificate process and called on Canada to reform its legislation. They called on Canada to use criminal law instead of immigration law to deal with its security concerns.

In the wake of the Charkaoui decision, a new campaign is developing to call on the government to refrain from introducing new legislation. A pan-Canadian "day of action" against the introduction of new security certificate legislation was organized on 20 October 2007. It is supported by over sixty organizations and networks, including national unions, migrant justice groups, student organizations, feminist groups, human rights organizations, development associations, community groups, political parties and faith-based organizations.

[edit] Constitutionality of the security certificate

In 2002, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the security certificate process as constitutional in Suresh v. Canada. The Court ruled that the operative provisions of the security certificate process do not violate Section 7 of the Charter, but that the Immigration Act generally does not allow for the deportation of a person to a country where they will likely be tortured. The Court did rule that deportation to countries suspected of torture may be justified in "exceptional circumstances".^[17] The court declined to define those circumstances, instead stating that "The ambit of an exceptional discretion to deport to torture, if any, must await future cases."

On June 13-14, 2006, the Supreme Court heard three different appeals from Adil Charkaoui, Hassan Almrei and Mohamed Harkat regarding the constitutionality of the security certificate process. Most of the appellants have argued that the refusal to disclose the evidentiary basis of the certificate violates Section 7 of the Charter. Counsel for Charkaoui also argued that the security certificate process violates judicial independence, the rule of law, and sections 9, 10, 12, and 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

On February 23, 2007, the Supreme Court released their decision of Charkaoui v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)‎. They voted unanimously that the process of certificate review that prohibited the accused from seeing evidence against them violated the Charter.

The case of Jaballah v. Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) (2006) challenged the constitutionality of detention under the certificate. The Federal Court upheld the detention. It is currently on appeal.

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

• Certificates Under The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) Information on security certificates from the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)
• Signs of sympathy for terror suspects - Celebrities take up cases of five held in indefinite detention by Thomas Walkom, Toronto Star, July 2, 2005.
• Campaign to Stop Secret Trials in Canada, website supporting the "Secret Trial Five".
• Justice for Mohamed Harkat, Website about Mohamed Harkat, detained in Ottawa under a security certificate since December 10, 2002.
• Justice for Adil Charkaoui, Website about Adil Charkaoui, detained under a security certificate from May 2003 to February 2005 and currently living under severe bail conditions.
• People's Commission on Immigration Security Measures, Website of the Montreal-based People's Commission on Immigration Security Measures, Quebec's first popular commission of inquiry.
• CTV News - UN critical of Canada's anti-terrorism measures