Sea mark

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Red buoy in San Diego Harbor, with a light, number, and sharp corners to reflect radar signals. Located at 32.69561° N 117.23099° W.

Green can #11 near the mouth of the Saugatuck River. Located at 41.10372° N 73.36357° W.

A sea mark, also seamark and navigation mark, is a pilotage aid which identifies the approximate position of a maritime channel, hazard and administrative area to allow boats, ships and seaplanes to navigate safely.

There are three types of sea mark:

beacons - fixed to the seabed
buoys - consisting of a floating object that is usually anchored to a specific location on the bottom of the sea or to a submerged object
A type of cairn built on a submerged rock/object, especially in calmer waters.

Sea marks are used to indicate channels, dangerous rocks or shoals, mooring positions, areas of speed limits, traffic separation schemes, submerged shipwrecks, and for a variety of other navigational purposes. Some are only intended to be visible in daylight (daymarks), others have some combination of lights, reflectors, bells, horns, whistles and radar reflectors to make them usable at night and in conditions of reduced visibility.

Marks are shown on nautical charts, using symbols that indicate their colour, shape and light characteristic, and are usually identified by name or number.

The International Association of Lighthouse Authorities defines two systems of marks specifying the shapes, colours and characteristic lights of buoys depending on their purpose. For historical reasons, there are two contradictory systems of lateral marks in use:

IALA System B in the Americas, the Philippines and Japan
IALA System A everywhere else.

The two systems differ principally in the colours used to denote the two sides of a channel. When approaching a harbour from seaward, System A places conical green marks to starboard and cylindrical red ones to port. In System B these are replaced with conical red marks to starboard and cylindrical green ones to port. This can be remembered (for System B) with the mnemonic "Red, right, return". Another System B mnemonic, which also helps with buoy numbering is "Even Red Left Port" (as in Eric the Red) - Even Numbered buoys are red, on your left (port) side leaving port. In any case, since in many harbours it is not always apparent which direction is seaward, buoys should be used in connection with the appropriate nautical chart. Additionally, since marks may be off station due to collision with ships, storms or other factors, they should be used with caution and not relied on solely for navigation.

In a wider sense the word sea mark is often understood to include all kinds of landmarks, structures and devices that can be used to provide warning and guiding signals to mariners. Thus a sea mark can be and often is located on dry land. Examples of land-based sea marks are various signal lights and leading marks. The latter are mainly used to indicate the centerline of a fairway in narrow passages.