Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon
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The French fleet in Toulon was scuttled on 27 November 1942 on the order of the Admiralty of Vichy France to avoid capture by Nazi German forces.
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[edit] Context
After the Fall of France and the Armistice of 1940, France was divided in two zones, one occupied by the Germans, and the other a so-called "Free Zone", administered by the Vichy France regime. The armistice stipulated that the French fleet would be largely disarmed and confined to its harbours, under French control. The Allies were concerned that the fleet, which included some of the most advanced warships of the time, might fall into enemy hands, which led to the destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir by the British (3 July 1940), and the later Battle of Dakar (23 September 1940).
On 8 November 1942, the Allies invaded French North Africa (Operation Torch). General Dwight Eisenhower, with the support of Roosevelt and Churchill, made a secret agreement with Admiral François Darlan, commander of Vichy forces in North Africa, that Darlan would be given control of the fleet if he joined the Allied side. When Adolf Hitler discovered this plan, he immediately triggered Case Anton, the occupation of Vichy France, and reinforced German forces in Africa.
[edit] Prelude
[edit] Political aspect
From 11 November 1942, negotiations took place between Germany and Vichy France. The settlement was that Toulon should remain a "stronghold" under Vichy control and defended against the Allies and "French enemies of the government of the Marechal". Großadmiral Raeder, commander of the Kriegsmarine, believed that French Navy officers would fulfill their armistice duty not to let the ships fall in the hands of any foreign nation, and managed to have the ear of Hitler. Raeder was led to believe that the German aim was to use anti-British sentiment amongst the French sailors to have them side with the Italians, while Hitler was in fact preparing a forcible seizure of the fleet. Hitler's plan was to have German sailors capture the French ships and turn them over to Italy; German officers privy to this plan were critical of it, but, as often with Hitler, their objections were ignored. Orders to implement the plan were given on 19 November.
On the 11th, as German and Italian troops encircled Toulon, the Secretary of the Navy, Admiral Auphan, ordered Laborde and Marquis to
- Oppose, without spilling of blood, the entry of foreign troops in establishments, airbases and buildings of the Navy;
- Similarly oppose entry of foreign troops aboard ships of the Fleet; find settlements by means of local negotiation; and
- If the former proved impossible, to scuttle the ships.
Initial orders were to scuttle the ships by capsizing them, but engineers, thinking of recovering the ships after the war, managed to have the orders changed to sinking on an even keel.
On the 15th, Laborde met with Pétain and Auphan. In private, Auphan tried to persuade Laborde to set sail and join with the Allies; Laborde refused to obey anything short of a formal order of the government. Auphan resigned shortly after.
[edit] Technical and tactical aspect
On the French side, as a token of goodwill towards the Germans, coastal defences were strengthened to safe-guard Toulon from an attack from the sea by the Allies. These preparations included setups for scuttling the fleet, in case of a successful landing by the Allies. French forces were commanded by Admiral Jean de Laborde (chief of the "High sea fleet", composed of the 38 most modern and powerful warships) and Admiral André Marquis (préfet maritime, commanding a total of 135 ships, either in armistice custody or under repairs).
Under armistice provisions, the French ships were supposed to have their fuel tanks almost empty; in fact, through falsification of reports and tampering with gauges, the crews had managed to store enough fuel to reach North Africa. One of the cruisers, Jean de Vienne, was in drydock, helpless. After the remains of the French Army were disbanded on German request, French sailors had to man coastal defence artillery and anti-aircraft guns themselves, which made it impossible to swiftly gather the crews and have the ships quickly underway.
Crews were initially hostile to the Allied invasion but, out of the general anti-German sentiment and as rumours about Darlan's defection circulated, this stance evolved towards backing of De Gaulle. The crews of Strasbourg, Colbert, Foch and Kersaint, notably, started chanting "Vive De Gaulle! Appareillage!" ("Long live De Gaulle! Set sail!"). In the afternoon of the 12th, Admiral Darlan further escalated the tension by calling for the fleet to defect and join the Allies.
Vichy military authorities lived in fear of a coup de main organised by the British or by the Free French. The population of Toulon was in the main favourable to the Allies; the soldiers and officers were hostile to the Italians, seen as "illegitimate victors" and duplicitous, and defiant of the Germans. The fate of the fleet, in particular, was seen to be doubtful. Between the 11th and the 26th, numerous arrests and expulsions took place. The French admirals, Laborde and Marquis, ordered their subordinates to take a pledge of allegiance to the regime (two of the senior officers, Humbertand and capitaine de vaisseau Pothuau, refused). The crews were first kept aboard their ships, and when they were allowed ashore the Service d'ordre légionnaire monitored all places suspected to be targeted by the Resistance.
[edit] Operation Lila
On 19 November, Operation Lila was triggered by the Germans, with the objective of capturing Toulon and the French fleet, with an execution date of 27 November.
German forces were to enter Toulon from the east, capturing Fort Lamalgue, headquarters of Admiral Marquis, and Mourillon arsenal; and from the west, capturing the main arsenal and the coastal defences. German naval forces were cruising off the harbour to engage any ships attempting to flee, and naval mines were laid.
At 4:30am on the morning of November 27, the Germans entered Fort Lamalgue and arrested Marquis, but failed to prevent his chief of staff, contre-amiral Robin, from calling the chief of the arsenal, Contre-Amiral Dornon. The attack came as a complete surprise to the Vichy officers, but Dornon transmitted the order to scuttle the fleet to Admiral Laborde, aboard the flagship Strasbourg. Laborde was taken aback by the German treason, but transmitted orders to prepare for scuttling, and to fire on any unauthorised personnel approaching the ships.
Twenty minutes later, German troops entered the arsenal and started machine-gunning the French submarines. Some of the submarines set sail to scuttle in deeper water. Casabianca left her moorings, sneaked out of the harbour and dived at 5:40am, escaping to Algiers.
The German main force got lost in the arsenal and was behind schedule by one hour; when they reached the main gates of the base, the sentries pretended to need paperwork so as to delay the Germans without engaging in open fight. At 5:25am, German tanks finally rolled through, and Strasbourg immediately transmitted the order "Scuttle! Scuttle! Scuttle!" by radio, visual signals and dispatch boat. French crews evacuated, and scuttling parties started preparing demolition charges and opening sea valves on the ships.
At 6:45am fighting broke out around Strasbourg and Foch, killing a French officer and wounding five sailors. When naval guns started engaging the German tanks, the Germans attempted to negotiate; a German officer demanded that Laborde surrender his ship, to which the admiral answered that the ship was already sunk.
As Strasbourg settled on the bottom, her captain ordered the ignition of the demolition charges, which destroyed the armament and vital machinery, as well as igniting her fuel stores. Strasbourg was a total loss. A few minutes after, the cruiser Colbert exploded.
The German party attempting to board the cruiser Algérie heard the explosions and tried to persuade her crew that scuttling was forbidden under the armistice provisions. However, the demolition charges were detonated, and the ship burned for twenty days.
Meanwhile, the captain of the cruiser Marseillaise ordered his ship capsized and demolition charges lit. German troops requested permission to come aboard; when this was denied, they did not attempt to board. The ship sank and exploded, burning for seven days.
German troops forcibly boarded the cruiser Dupleix, put her crew out of the way, and closed her open sea valves. The ship's captain, capitaine de vaisseau Moreau, ordered the scuttling charges in the main turrets to be lit with shortened fuses and when they exploded and fires took hold, Moreau ordered the final evacuation. French and Germans alike fled the vessel. Explosions, from the ship's torpedo stores, destroyed the vessel, which burned for ten days.
The cruiser Jean de Vienne, in drydock, was boarded by German troops, who disarmed the demolition charges, but the open sea valves filled the ship. She sank, blocking the drydock. In another drydock, the captain of the damaged battleship Dunkerque at first refused orders to scuttle, but was persuaded by his colleague in the nearby cruiser La Galissonnière to follow suit. The holes in the hull caused by earlier British torpedo attacks were used to sink the ship, and demolition charges destroyed her vital machinery. As the Dunkerque exploded, La Galissonnière reproduced the manoeuvre executed by the Jean de Vienne.
Officers of Provence and the Commandant Teste managed to delay German officers with talk until their ships were completely sunk.
Similar scenes occurred with the destroyers and submarines. The Germans eventually seized three disarmed destroyers, four badly damaged submarines, three civilian ships, and the remains of two pre-dreadnought battleships of no value.
[edit] Aftermath
Operation Lila was a failure. The French destroyed 3 battleships, 7 cruisers, 15 destroyers, 13 torpedo boats, 6 sloops, 12 submarines, 9 patrol boats, 19 auxiliary ships, 1 school ship, 28 tugs and 4 cranes. Thirty-nine small ships were captured, most of them sabotaged and disarmed. Some of the major ships were ablaze for several days, and oil polluted the harbour so badly that it was two years before it was possible to swim there.
Several submarines ignored orders to scuttle themselves and chose to defect to Free France; Casablanca and Marsouin reached Algiers, Le Glorieux reached Oran and Iris reached Barcelona. Vénus eventually scuttled herself in the entrance of Toulon harbour. One surface ship, Leonor Fresnel, managed to escape and reach Algiers.
General De Gaulle heavily criticised the Vichy admirals for not ordering the fleet to flee to Algiers.
The Vichy regime lost its last token of power, and its credibility with the Germans, with the fleet.
Most of the cruisers were salvaged by the Italians, either to restore them as fighting ships or for scrap. The Jean de Vienne and La Galissonnière were renamed FR11 and FR12, respectively, but their repair was prevented by allied bombing and their use would have been unlikely, given the Italians' chronic shortage of fuel.
[edit] Ships scuttled
[edit] Battleships
- Strasbourg (flagship)
- Dunkerque
- Provence
[edit] Seaplane tender
[edit] Heavy cruisers
[edit] Light cruisers
[edit] Destroyers
- Cassard
- Aigle
- Gerfaut
- Lion
- Linx
- Indomptable
- Mogador
- Panthère
- Tigre
- Kersaint
- Tartu
- Valmy
- Vauban
- Vauquelin
- Vautour
- Guépard
[edit] Torpedo-boats
- Casque
- Bordelais
- Bison
- Bayonnaise
- Foudroyant
- Trombe
- Siroco
- Poursuivante
- Mars
- Hardi
- Palme
- Cyclone
- Mamelouk
[edit] Submarines
- Redoutable
- Eurydice
- Diamant
- Thétis
- Sirène
- Vénus
- Vengeur
- Naïade
- Pascal
- Espoir
- Achéron
- Fresnel
- Caïman
- Henri Poincaré
- Galatée
[edit] Sloops
- Épargne
- Iberville
- Chamois
- Yser
- Impétueuse
- Curieuse
- Granit
- Dédaigneuse
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ Position des bâtiments au matin du 27 novembre 1942, Netmarine.net
[edit] External links
- The Scuttle of the French Fleet at Touon, November 27, 1942 (sic)
- (French) Sythèse des Rapports des Préfets de la Zone libre Pour le mois de novembre 1942, by the Ministry of Interior of Vichy France
- battleships-cruisers.co.uk vintage photographs
- (French) Sabordage de la Flotte le 27 novembre 1942 vintage photographs
- photographs by the RAF
- Photograph of Strasbourg scuttled
