Saraswati River (Bengal)
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Saraswati River (Bengali: সরস্বতী নদী) refers to a river, that was a distributary of the Bhagirathi and is now dry or dead but was active till around the 16th century AD.[1] The course and condition of the Saraswati has played an important role in the development and decline of river port towns in Bengal. Initially, the major port town was Tamralipta, after the decline of which Saptagram rose and declined, and finally Kolkata came up.
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[edit] Earlier course
At Triveni near Bandel in Hooghly District in the Indian state of West Bengal the Bhagirathi branched off into three streams The Saraswati flowed south-west beyond Saptagram, the Yamuna (this is distinct from the river of same name in northern India and several streams of the same name in eastern Bengal) flowed south-east, and the Bhagirathi proper flowing through the present Hooghly channel to Kolkata and then through Adi Ganga, past Kalighat, to the sea. It is believed that the Saraswati flowed into an estuary near present-day Tamluk and received the waters of not only the Rupnarayan and Damodar but several other smaller streams. Some time after the 8th century AD, Tamralipta lost its importance primarily on account of silting up of the mouth of Saraswati and the consequent shifting of its course.[1]
The Saraswati moved to a position when it flowed out at Triveni and after a movement towards the west turned to the southeast to meet the Hooghly River again at Betore opposite present Garden Reach, thus forming a loop. Saptagram was situated on the upper part of the loop on the southern bank.[2].[3] It is believed that the Saraswati had an independent course to the sea.
[edit] Change in course
In the sixteenth century, the main waters of the Bhagirathi, which earlier used to flow through the Saraswati, started flowing through the Hooghly channel. In the course of time, the upper Saraswati dried up, but the Bhagirathi or Hooghly has abandoned the old Adi Ganga channel and flows through the lower course of the Saraswati below Sankrail. [1]
[edit] Mention of Saraswati River
There is a clear indication of the river in Van den Brouck’s map of 1660. A hundred and fifty years prior to Van den Brouck’s map, the Bengali poet Bipradas Pipilai gave an account of the river and the surrounding area in his Manasamangal. As the merchant ship of the trader Chand Sadagar proceeded to the sea, he passed through Triveni and Saptagram and the tri junction of the Ganges, Saraswati and Yamuna.[4]He wrote:
- Ganga aar Saraswati, Yamuna vishal oti [5]
- (The Ganges and Saraswati, the Jamuna so large)
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Majumdar, Dr. R.C., History of Ancient Bengal, First published 1971, Reprint 2005, pp. 2-3, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, ISBN 81-89118-01-3.
- ^ Aniruddha Ray, and Md Akhtaruzzaman. Satgaon. Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
- ^ Roy, Niharranjan, Bangalir Itihas, Adi Parba, (Bengali), first published 1972, reprint 2005, p. 126, Dey’s Publishing, 13 Bankim Chatterjee Street, Kolkata, ISBN 81-7079-270-3
- ^ Roy, Niharranjan, p. 75
- ^ Patree, Purnendu, Purano Kolkatar Kathachitra, (Bengali), p.69, Dey’s Publishing, Kolkata, ISBN 81-7079-751-9
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