Santonian

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The Santonian is a faunal stage^[1] of the Late Cretaceous Epoch. It spans the time between 85.8 ± 0.7 mya (million years ago) and 83.5 ± 0.7 mya.^[2]

According to the ICS, its start is defied by the appearance of the inoceramid bivalve Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus. Its end is marked by the extinction of the crinoid Marsupites testudinarius.^[2]

Contents 1 Vertebrate Fauna 1.1 †Ankylosaurs 1.2 Birds 1.3 Cartilaginous Fish 1.4 Ceratopsians 1.5 Crocodylomorphs 1.6 Mammals 1.7 Ornithopods 1.8 †Pterosaurs 1.9 †Sauropods 1.10 Squamates 1.11 Theropods (non-avian) 2 Flora 2.1 Magnoliopsida 3 Footnotes

[edit] Vertebrate Fauna

[edit] †Ankylosaurs

Ankylosaurs of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Hungarosaurus[3]
Pinacosaurus
Tsagantegia

[edit] Birds

Birds of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Neuquenornis[3]
Parahesperornis[4]

[edit] Cartilaginous Fish

Cartilaginous Fish of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Hexanchus microdon
†Notidanodon
†Notidanoides[4]

[edit] Ceratopsians

Ceratopsians of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Craspedodon				Reconstruction of Udanoceratops
Udanoceratops[4]

[edit] Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Notosuchus				Reconstruction of Notosuchus, a relative of the crocodiles
†Shamosuchus

[edit] Mammals

Mammals of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Paracimexomys †Paracimexomys magister[3]

[edit] Ornithopods

Ornithopods of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Arstanosaurus				Claosaurus Gryposaurus Reconstruction of Nipponosaurus, a duck-billed dinosaur
Claosaurus[3]
†Gryposaurus
†Nipponosaurus

[edit] †Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Aralazhdarcho				Reconstruction of Bakonydraco
†Bakonydraco

[edit] †Sauropods

Sauropods of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Quaesitosaurus

[edit] Squamates

Squamates of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
†Eonatator				Reconstruction of Tylosaurus, a mosasaur
Madtsoia †Madtsoia madagascariensis[4]
†Tylosaurus

[edit] Theropods (non-avian)

†Non-avian Theropods of the Santonian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Achillesaurus[3]				Portrait of Oviraptor
†Achillobator
†Alectrosaurus
†Apatornis[4],
†Aucasaurus[3]
†Oviraptor[3] Occurrence outside this stage
†Patagopteryx[3]

[edit] Flora

[edit] Magnoliopsida

Advanced dicotyledons

• Droseraceae: †Palaeoaldrovanda

[edit] Footnotes

Cretaceous period
Lower/Early Cretaceous	Upper/Late Cretaceous
Berriasian | Valanginian | Hauterivian Barremian | Aptian | Albian	Cenomanian | Turonian | Coniacian Santonian | Campanian | Maastrichtian