Santee River
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The Santee River is a river in South Carolina in the United States, 143 miles (230 km) long. The Santee and its tributaries provide the principal drainage and navigation for the central coastal plain of South Carolina, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean approximately 440 miles (708 km) from its farthest headwater on the Catawba River in North Carolina, Much of upper river is impounded as the expansive horn-shaped Lake Marion reservoir, formed by the 8-mile (13 km) long Santee Dam, built during the 1930s as a WPA project to provide a major source of hydroelectric power for the state.
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[edit] Description
The Santee is formed in central South Carolina 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Columbia by the confluence of the Wateree and Congaree rivers. It flows southeast for 5 miles (8 km) before entering the northwest corner of Lake Marion, which stretches in a long wide arc to the southeast for approximately 30 miles (48 km) to Santee Dam. A navigable diversion canal first built in the 1790s at the southern tip of the lake connects to Lake Moultrie, a reservoir on the nearby Cooper River. The modern canal is operated by Santee Cooper as part of the larger hydroelectric project on both rivers.
Downstream from the reservoir it flows east, then southeast, forming the northeast boundary of Francis Marion National Forest. Approximately 10 miles (16 km) from its mouth it bifurcates into two channels, called the North Santee and South Santee, that flow parallel and separated by approximately 2 miles (3 km), creating Cedar Island. The two channels reach the ocean at Santee Point, approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of Georgetown.
[edit] History
The river was named by early settlers after the Santee tribe, which inhabited areas on the middle part of the river. The first European contact was by the Spanish, who sailed up the river in the 1660s. After suffering a defeat during the Yamasee War in 1715-1716, the Santee were relocated, many to the West Indies as slaves, opening up the river for British settlement as part of the Carolina Colony.
In the late 18th century the upper river was the site of the homestead of Francis Marion, a patriot of the American Revolutionary War. The original site of his homestead is now located under Lake Marion, which is named in his honor.
Construction of the 22-mile (35 km) long Santee Canal linking the river to the Cooper was begun in 1793 and finished in 1800. It allowed direct water transportation between the Upcountry of central South Carolina to Charleston, on the mouth of the Cooper. The canal operated for 50 years before becoming obsolete by the introduction of railroads.
During the Great Depression, the state of South Carolina created the Santee Cooper power utility. The main source of electric power for the utility came through the construction of a hydroelectric project inland from Charleston. Starting in 1939, the Santee River was dammed, forming lakes Marion and Moultrie, and diverting the river's flow into the Cooper River through a hydroelectric plant at Pinopolis. The project was completed in 1941.
Though the project succeeded in its intent to bring cheap electricity to rural South Carolina, one unintended consequence was the change in character of both the Cooper and Santee Rivers below the project. The Santee River, deprived of most its river flow, became much more saline - resulting in an a changed ecosystem below the project. The Cooper River now received much more freshwater and sediment loads that used to flow into the Santee, resulting in huge increases in dredging costs in Charleston Harbor. In the 1980s, the Army Corps of Engineers built a diversion canal to send some water back into the Santee, partially mitigating this problem.
