Santa Maria delle Carceri

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Santa Maria delle Carceri is a basilica church in Prato, Tuscany, Italy. It is considered one of the earliest, most notable examples of use of Greek cross plan in Renaissance architecture.

[edit] History

According to the tradition, on July 6, 1484 a child saw an image of Madonna and Child, painted on a wall of the public jail (carceri) of Prato, animate itself. It was therefore decided to build a basilica on that site to celebrate the event. Lorenzo de Medici, de facto lord of the Republic of Florence, imposed a design by his favourite architect, Giuliano da Sangallo. The latter's proposal included a Greek cross plan inspired to Filippo Brunelleschi's Cappella dei Pazzi and by Leon Battista Alberti's theoretical works; Sangallo used the same idea for his first project of St. Peter's Basilica, later superseded by Michelangelo. The same model inspired his brother Antonio da Sangallo the Elder for the church of San Biagio at Montepulciano.

The interior of the church was completed from 1486 to 1495, while the exteriors remained unfinished in 1506. The upper part of the western arm was completed in the late 19th century following Sangallo's design.

[edit] Exterior

The church has for equal-size arms surmounted by a small dome. The external covering is typically bichrome as in many other Prato's buildings, using white and green marble. The lower fraction shows a framed decoration which originally was to be reproduced in the upper area, finishing with a tympanum (this can be seen only in one arm).

The small cupola, of Brunelleschi's inspiration, has a tambour with twelve circular windows and a conical covering surmounted by a lantern.

The bell tower was realized in 1777-1780 by Francesco Valentini.

[edit] Interior

The interior has a solemn Renaissance atmosphere, with the four arms starting from the cubical central hall, surmounted by the semi-spherical dome. All corners are marked by fake columns with precious capitals whose entablatures underline the vault.

The arms are decorated by four stained-glass windows designed by Domenico Ghirlandaio (1491). The entablature has a frieze with festoons and coats of arms in majolica from Andrea della Robbia's workshop; Della Robbia was also author of the tondos with Evangelists (1491), in the pendiments of the dome. The latter has a parapet creating an enlarging prospectical effect.

The notable high altar, designed by Sangallo after that in the Roman Pantheon, is in white marble. The altarpiece is the fresco of the miracle after which the basilica was erected, portraying the Madonna with Child between Sts. Leonard and Stephen (1330-1340).

The presbytery's arms ends with a fanciful parapet by Bernardo Buontalenti (1588), flanked by two stone altars (1575).

In the sacristy (fresco of Madonna of Humility, 1420) are some rooms of the ancient jail.