Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)
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| Santa Cruz | |||
| Province | |||
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| Divisions | 7 departments | ||
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| Coordinates | |||
| Capital | Río Gallegos | ||
| Area | 293,993 km² (113,511 sq mi) | ||
| Population | 196,958 (2001) | ||
| Density | 0.81 /km² (2 /sq mi) | ||
| Governor | Daniel Peralta | ||
| ISO 3166-2 code | AR-Z | ||
| Demonym | Santacruceño | ||
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| Website: http://www.santacruz.gov.ar | |||
Santa Cruz is a province of Argentina, located in the southern part of the country, in Patagonia. It borders Chubut province to the north, and Chile to the west and south. To the east is the Atlantic Ocean.
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[edit] History
The Tehuelches inhabited these lands before the arrivals of the Spanish colonisation. In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan arrived to what is currently known as San Julián Bay. 15 years later Martín de Alcazaba explored the area near the Chico River, which he named Gallegos River. Because of the attacks of British pirates, and after the visit of Francis Drake in 1578, the Spaniards sent Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa to fortify the Strait of Magellan and prevent access to Spanish posts in the Pacific.
In the middle of the 18th century, the Jesuits settled in the area, establishing a few missions. When the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created in 1776, the region was set under the rule of Buenos Aires. Antonio de Biedma founded the Nueva Colonia in 1780 near present Puerto Deseado, later shut down by Viceroy Vertíz.
Between 1825 and 1836 there were a series of explorations of the regions, including that of Charles Darwin in 1834. In 1860 commander Luis Piedrabuena established a base at the Pavón Island on the estuary of Puerto Deseado.
In 1878 the Government of Patagonia was created, with capital in Viedma, but six years later it was split into smaller entities, with the territory declared National Government of Santa Cruz, whose capital was the city of Santa Cruz. In 1901 the capital was moved to its current location at the city of Río Gallegos.
At the beginning of 20th century, a large European immigration began to arrive to the almost uninhabited zone; Spanish, Germans, British and Slavs were the most numerous among them. They came mainly to escape the growing conflicts of World War I, and were attracted by the wool industry of the area. The end of the war meant a sharp reduction in the amount of exports, bringing a serious economic crisis to Santa Cruz.
The idea of anarchism, brought by the Spanish immigrants, grew among the workers who started a strike. The strike was severely and harshly repressed by the government, culminating in the events of the Patagonia Trágica ("Tragic Patagonia"), the execution of tens of strikers.
In 1944 the Military zone of Comodoro Rivadavia was created, which encompassed the northern part of the National Government of Santa Cruz and the southern part of Chubut Province. This jurisdiction lasted until the abolition of the measures in 1955. The Government of Santa Cruz acquired province status in 1957.
[edit] Geography and climate
To the west, the Andes at these latitudes are lower than in the centre and north of Argentina, but still have year-round snow. An immense ice sheet feeds the numerous glaciers.
From the centre to the Atlantic coast in the east, plateaux of descending height dominate the landscape. The Atlantic coastline is a mixture of beaches and cliffs. In Gran Bajo de San Julián, the Laguna del Carbón is 105 meters below sea level, and is the lowest point in the Western and Southern Hemispheres.
The average temperatures are 13°C in summer, and 3° in winter, when temperatures can fall to -25°. Even though precipitation on the ice-sheet area in the west is common, rain is scarce in other areas, with an average of 200 mm per year. Strong winds blow all year round.
The cold, arid steppe is crossed by rivers that produce fertile valleys; Deseado River, Santa Cruz River, Gallegos River, Coyle River, Chico River and Pinturas River.
The lakes of Buenos Aires Lake (2,240 km², 881 km² in Argentina), Cardiel Lake (460 km²), Viedma Lake (1082 km²), Argentino Lake (1560 km²), Pueyrredón Lake, Belgrano Lake and San Martín Lake (1.013 km²) are all in the west of the province. These lakes are fed by glacieal melt-water, but due to the cold climate their shores are not used for agriculture.
[edit] Economy
The main province's product is linked to the hydrocarbons with an annual production of 4.5 million m3 of petroleum and 3 million m3 of gas, mainly in the Pico Truncado, Cañadón seco and Cerro Redondo extracting facilities.
The coal production at Río Turbio is of around one million m3 per year. Mining includes gold (Cerro Vanguardia), clay, gypsum, salt and others.
The second most important activity is that associated with sheep. With 7 million heads, Santa Cruz is the main producer of wool and meat, most of which is designated for export. Livestock includes cattle, and in lesser numbers pigs and horses.
Sea fishing, and its later industrialisation at the fishing ports of Puerto Deseado, Puerto San Julián, Puerto Santa Cruz and Río Gallegos produces prawn, squid, hake and dozens of others. Most of the production is frozen and exported.
There is little agriculture due to the arid nature of the soil. There is a small timber industry fed by both forests and planted trees, of which the wood of the lenga is the most exploited.
[edit] Tourism
Santa Cruz's most visited destination is the Los Glaciares National Park and a number of glaciers of which the Perito Moreno Glacier is the most famous. Nearby El Calafate has an airport that connects the area with Buenos Aires and Trelew.
Some 200 kilometres north of El Calafate is the village of El Chaltén at the feet of the Cerro Torre and Mount Fitz Roy. Still not very developed, El Chaltén serves as a hub for various trekking routes including walks on the Viedma Glacier.
600 kilometres further north of El Chaltén, by the dirt road Route 40, the Cueva de las Manos near the town of Perito Moreno allows the few tourists who venture to this point to see the prehistoric wall paintings in the caves near the Pinturas River.
The Perito Moreno National Park and its lakes, north of Los Glaciares, are rarely visited. Besides trekking, other sports practiced on the west side of the province are sport fishing, rafting and climbing.
On east, the National Route 3 follows the Atlantic coastline, by which several buses connect the coastal cities, and take passengers both south to Tierra del Fuego and north to Chubut Province and Buenos Aires. The most visited places are the cities of Río Gallegos, the Bosques Petrificados National Monument petrified forest, and the depression of Laguna del Carbón near Puerto San Julián.
[edit] Political division
The province is divided into the following 7 departments:
Department (Capital)
- Corpen Aike (Puerto Santa Cruz)
- Deseado Department(Puerto Deseado)
- Güer Aike (Río Gallegos)
- Lago Argentino (El Calafate)
- Lago Buenos Aires (Perito Moreno)
- Magallanes (Puerto San Julián)
- Río Chico (Gobernador Gregores)
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