Salmon shark
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| Lamna ditropis Hubbs and Follett, 1947 |
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 Range of salmon shark (in blue)
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The salmon shark, Lamna ditropis, is a shark species occurring in the north Pacific ocean. As an apex predator, the salmon shark feeds on salmon, and also on squid, sablefish, and herring.[1] Salmon shark are remarkable for their ability to maintain body temperature, known as homeothermy,[2] and an as-yet unexplained variability in the sex ratio between the eastern north pacific and western north pacific [3].
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[edit] Biology
Adult salmon sharks are medium grey to black over most of the body, with a white underside with darker blotches. Juveniles are similar in appearance but generally lack blotches. The snout is short and cone-shaped, and the overall appearance is similar to a small great white shark.
Salmon shark generally grow to between 200 and 260 cm in length and weigh up to 220 kg[4]. Males appear to reach a maximum size which is slightly smaller than females. Unconfirmed reports exist of salmon shark reaching as much as 4.3 m however the largest confirmed reports indicate a maximum total length of approximately 3 m[3].
[edit] Reproduction
Salmon shark are ovoviviparous, with a litter size of 2 to 6 pups.[5] As with other Lamniformes shark species, salmon sharks are oophagous, with embryos feeding on the ova produced by the mother.
Females reach sexual maturity at 8 to 10 years, while males generally mature by age 5.[6] Reproduction timing is not well understood, however it is believed to be on a two year cycle with mating occurring in the late summer or early fall.[3] Gestation is approximately 9 months. Some reports indicate that the sex ratio at birth may be 2.2 males per female, however the prevalence of this is not known.[3]
[edit] Homeothermy
As with only a few other species of fish, salmon shark have the ability to regulate their body temperature.[2] This is accomplished by vascular counter-current heat exchangers, known as rete mirabilia, Latin for "wonderful nets." Blood moving toward extremities flows near colder returning blood, resulting in heat transfer. The returning blood is warmed, keeping the core of the animal heated. This ability is believed to help the salmon shark exploit prey in a wider range of water temperatures.
[edit] Range and distribution
The salmon shark is a coastal-littoral and epipelagic shark that prefers boreal to cool temperate waters. It is common in continental offshore waters but range inshore to just off beaches. They occur singly or in schools or feeding aggregations of several individuals.
Salmon shark occur in the northern Pacific Ocean, in both coastal waters and in the open ocean. Animals are believed to range as far south as the Sea of Japan and southern California, and as far north as 65 degrees north in Alaska. Individuals have been observing diving as deeply as 668 m [7], however they are believed to spend most of their time in epipelagic waters.
[edit] Regional differences
Age and sex composition differences have been observed between populations in the eastern and western North Pacific. Eastern populations are dominated by females, while the western populations are predominately male.[4] It is not known if these distinctions stem from genetically distinct stocks, or if the segregation occurs as part of salmon shark growth and development.
[edit] Human interactions
There is no current commercial fishery for salmon shark, however, they are occasionally caught as bycatch in commercial salmon gillnet fisheries where they are usually discarded. Commercial fisheries regard salmon sharks as nuisances, since they can damage fishing gear[5], and consume portions of the commercial catch. There are some reports of fishermen deliberately injuring salmon sharks.[8]
Sport fishermen fish for salmon sharks in Alaska.[9]Alaskan fishing regulations limit the catch of salmon shark to two sharks per person per year.
The flesh of the fish is utilized for human consumption, and in the Japanese city of Kesennuma, Miyagi, the heart is considered a delicacy for use in sashimi.[5]
Although salmon sharks are thought to be capable of injuring humans, there are few if any attacks on humans. There are, however, reports of divers encountering salmon sharks as well as salmon sharks bumping fishing vessels.[8] These reports, however, may need positive identification of the shark species involved.[5]
[edit] References
- ^ Hulbert, Leland; Stanley Rice (December, 2002). "Salmon Shark, Lamna ditropis, Movements, Diet and Abundance in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean and Prince William Sound, Alaska". Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project 02396.
- ^ a b Goldman, Kenneth; Scot Anderson, Robert Latour, and John Musick (2004). "Homeothermy in adult salmon sharks, Lamna ditropis". Environmental Biology of Fishes 71: 403–411. Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:.
- ^ a b c d Goldman, Kenneth (August, 2002). "Aspects of Age, Growth, Demographics, and Thermal Biology of Two Lamniform Shark Species". . PhD Dissertation, College of William and Mary, School of Marine Science
- ^ a b Goldman, Kenneth; John Musick (2006). "Growth and maturity of salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) in the eastern and western North Pacific, and comments on back-calculation methods". Fishery Bulletin 104 (2): 278–292.
- ^ a b c d Compagno, Leonard (2001). Sharks of the World, Vol. 2. Rome, Italy: FAO.
- ^ Nagasawa, Kazuya (1998). "Predation by Salmon Sharks (Lamna distropis) on Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the North Pacific Ocean". Bulletin of the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission 1: 419–432.
- ^ Hulbert, LB; AM Aires-da-Silva, VF Gallucci, and JS Rice (2005). "Seasonal foarging movements and migratory patterns of female Lamna ditropis tagged in Prince William Sound, Alaska". Journal of Fish Biology 67: 490–509. doi:.
- ^ a b Biology of the Salmon Shark. Reefquest Center for Shark Research. Retrieved on 2006-09-14.
- ^ Fishing for Salmon Shark in Alaska. Fish Alaska Magazine. Retrieved on 2006-09-14.
[edit] External links
- "Lamna ditropis". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. May 2006 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2006.
- Salmon shark fact sheet
- Florida Museum of Natural History, information about salmon sharks
- TOPP, Tagging of Pacific Predators, a research group that tags salmon sharks to learn more about their habits.
