Sakha writing system
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There have been three major Sakha writing systems used since the early 20th century. The first systematic alphabet was developed by Semyon Novgorodov, and was based on the International Phonetic Alphabet. Novgorodov's alphabet was developed in 1917, and continued in use until 1929. In addition to the characters shown below, Novogorodov also introduced four letters to represent the diphthongs found in Sakha: /ɯa͡/ - 
, /ie͡/ - 
, /uo͡/ - 
, and /yø͡/ - w. Vowel and consonant length was indicated with the colon (e.g. a:, t:). While this alphabet was in use, various changes were implemented, including the addition of capital letters. After 1929, Novgorodov's alphabet was replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet based on the Uniform Turkic Alphabet.[1] This was in turn replaced in 1939 by an alphabet using the Cyrillic script. Prior to the Novgorodov alphabet, various ad hoc phonetic Latin and Cyrillic-based systems had been developed.
Currently only the Cyrillic Sakha alphabet is in use. This script consists of the usual Russian characters but with 5 additional letters: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү.
| IPA | 1819-1858 | 1851-1917 | 1858-1917 | 1917-1927 (Novgorodov Alphabet) | 1924-1929 | 1929-1939 (Uniform Turkic Alphabet) | 1939-Present | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | Аа | Аа | Аа | a | Aa | Aa | Аа | |
| b | Бб | Бб | Бб | b | Bb | Bb | Бб | |
| v | Вв | - | - | - | - | Vv | Вв | found only in Russian loanwords |
| g | Гг | Гг | Гг | g | Gg | Gg | Гг | |
| ɣ, ʁ | - | Ҕҕ | - | ʃ |  |
Ƣƣ | Ҕҕ | |
| d | Дд | Дд | Дд | d | Dd | Dd | Дд | |
| ɟ | - | Џџ |  |
з | Зз | Çç | Дьдь | |
| e, je | Ее | - | Ее | - | - | Ee | Ее | found only in Russian loanwords |
| jo | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ёё | found only in Russian loanwords |
| ʒ | Жж | - | - | - | - | Ƶƶ | Жж | found only in Russian loanwords |
| z | Зз | - | - | - | - | Zz | Зз | found only in Russian loanwords |
| i | Ии,Іі | Іі | Ии | i | Ii | Ii | Ии | |
| j | - | Јј | Йй | j | Jj | Jj | Йй | |
| j̃ | - | - | - | j̶ | - | - | - | |
| k | Кк | Кк | Кк | k | Kk | Kk | Кк | |
| l | Лл | Лл | Лл | l | Лл | Ll | Лл | |
| ʎ | - | Ll | - | ʎ | Ll | - | - | |
| m | Мм | Мм | Мм | m | Mm | Mm | Мм | |
| n | Нн | Нн | Нн | n | Nn | Nn | Нн | |
| ŋ | - | Ңң | Ҥҥ | ŋ | Ņŋ | Ņŋ | Ҥҥ | |
| ɲ | - | Н̕н̕ | - | ɲ |  |
Njnj | Ньнь | |
| o | Оо | Оо | Оо | ɔ | Ɔɔ | Oo | Оо | |
| ø | - | Ӧӧ | Ёё |  |
 |
Ɵɵ | Өө | |
| p | Пп | Пп | Пп | p | Pp | Pp | Пп | |
| r | Рр | Рр | Рр | r | Rr | Rr | Рр | |
| s | Сс | Сс | Сс | s | Ss | Ss | Сс | |
| h | - | һ | - | h | Hh | Hh | Һһ | |
| t | Тт | Тт | Тт | t | Tt | Tt | Тт | |
| u | Уу | Уу | Уу | u | Uu | Uu | Уу | |
| y | - | Ӱӱ | - | y | Yy | Yy | Үү | |
| f | Фф, Ѳѳ | - | - | - | - | Ff | Фф | found only in Russian loanwords |
| x | Хх | Хх | Хх | q | - | - | Хх | |
| ʦ | Цц | - | - | - | - | - | Цц | found only in Russian loanwords |
| ʧ | Чч | Чч | Чч | c | Cc | Cc | Чч | |
| ʃ | Шш | - | - | - | - | Şş | Шш | found only in Russian loanwords |
| ɕː | Щщ | - | - | - | - | - | Щщ | found only in Russian loanwords |
| ◌. | Ъъ | Ъъ | - | - | - | - | Ъъ | found only in Russian loanwords |
| ɯ | Ыы | Ыы | Ыы | ɯ | Ыы | Ьь | Ыы | |
| ◌ʲ | Ьь | Ьь | - | - | - | - | Ьь | found only in Russian loanwords |
| e | Ее | Ää | Ээ | e | Ee | Əə | Ээ | |
| ju | Юю | Юю | - | - | - | - | Юю | found only in Russian loanwords |
| ja | Яя | Яя | - | - | - | - | Яя | found only in Russian loanwords |
[edit] Notes
- ^ Yakut language. Minority languages of Russia on the net. Retrieved on 2007-05-18.
- ^ Петров, Н.Е. (1972), “Алфавит Якутского Языка”, in Баскаков, Н.А., Вопросы Совершенствования Алфавитов Тюкских Языков СССР, Moscow: Академия наук СССР
