Saint Pantaleon

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For other uses, see Pantaleon.
Saint Pantaleon
Icon of Saint Pantaleon
(Church in Korinos, Pieria)
Martyr
Born ca. 275, Nicomedia
Died 303, Nicomedia
Venerated in Anglicanism
Eastern Orthodoxy
Oriental Orthodoxy
Roman Catholicism
Major shrine Pantaleon Monastery in Jordan desert, Pantaleon Church built by Emperor Justinian in the 6th C, Constantinople
Feast 27 and 28 July, and 18 February
Attributes A compartmented medicine box, with a long-handled spatula or spoon; a martyr's cross.
Patronage Physicians, midwives, livestock, invoked against headaches, consumption, locusts, witchcraft, accidents and lonliness, helper for crying children
Saints Portal

Saint Pantaleon (Greek: Παντελεήμων Panteleimon 'all-compassionate'), counted in the West among the late-medieval Fourteen Holy Helpers and in the East as one of the Holy Unmercenary Healers, was a martyr of Nicomedia in Bithynia during the Diocletian persecution of 303 AD. Though there is evidence to suggest that a martyr named Pantaleon existed, the various stories told of his life and death are considered by some to be purely legendary.[1]

Contents

[edit] Legends

According to the martyrologies, Pantaleon was the son of a rich pagan, Eustorgius of Nicomedia, and had been instructed in Christianity by his Christian mother, Saint Eubula; however, after her death he fell away from the Christian church, while he studied medicine with a renowned physician Euphrosinos; under the patronage of Euphrosinos he became physician to the Emperor Maximian or Galerius.[2]

He was won back to Christianity by Saint Hermolaus (characterized as a bishop of the church at Nicomedia in the later literature), who convinced him that Christ was the better physician, signalling the significance of the exemplum of Pantaleon that faith is to be trusted over medical advice, marking the direction European medicine was to take until the 16th century.

St. Alphonsus Liguori wrote regarding this incident

He studied medicine with great success, that the Emperor Maximillian appointed him his physician. One day as our saint was discoursing with a holy priest named Hermolaus, the latter, after praising the study of medicine, concluded thus: "But, my friend, of what use are all thy acquirements in this art, since thou art ignorant of the science of salvation?"

[3]

Icon of Saint Panteleimon, with scenes from his life, 13th century (Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai).
Icon of Saint Panteleimon, with scenes from his life, 13th century (Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai).

By miraculously healing a blind man by invoking the name of Jesus over him, Pantaleon converted his father, upon whose death he came into possession of a large fortune, but freed his slaves and, distributing his wealth among the poor, developed a great reputation in Nicomedia. Envious colleagues denounced him to the emperor during the Diocletian persecution. The emperor wished to save him and sought to persuade him to apostasy. Pantaleon, however, openly confessed his faith, and as proof that Christ is the true God, he healed a paralytic. Notwithstanding this, he was condemned to death by the emperor, who regarded the miracle as an exhibition of magic.

According to the later hagiography, Pantaleon's flesh was first burned with torches, whereupon Christ appeared to all in the form of Hermolaus to strengthen and heal Pantaleon. The torches were extinguished. Then a bath of molten lead was prepared; when the apparition of Christ stepped into the cauldron with him, the fire went out and the lead became cold. Pantaleon was now thrown into the sea, loaded with a great stone, which floated. He was thrown to wild beasts, but these fawned upon him and could not be forced away until he had blessed them. He was bound on the wheel, but the ropes snapped, and the wheel broke. An attempt was made to behead him, but the sword bent, and the executioners were converted to Christianity. Pantaleon implored heaven to forgive them, for which reason he also received the name of Panteleimon ("mercy for everyone" or "all-compassionate"). It was not until he himself desired it that it was possible to behead him, upon which there issued forth blood and a white liquid like milk.

St. Alphonsus wrote,

At Ravello, a city in the kingdom of Naples, there is a vial of his blood, which becomes blood every year [on his feastday], and may be seen in this state interspersed with the milk, as I, the author of this work, have seen it.[4]

[edit] Early Veneration

The vitae containing these miraculous features are all late in date and "valueless" according to the Catholic Encyclopedia.[5] Yet the fact of his martyrdom itself seems to be supported by a veneration for which there is testimony in the 5th century, among others in a sermon on the martyrs by Theodoret (died ca 457)[6]; Procopius of Caesarea (died ca 565?), writing on the churches and shrines constructed by Justinian I[7] tells that the emperor rebuilt the shrine to Pantaleon at Nicomedia; and there is mention of Pantaleon in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum[8].

[edit] Veneration in the East

Saint Panteleimon the Healer, by Nicholas Roerich, 1916.
Saint Panteleimon the Healer, by Nicholas Roerich, 1916.

The Eastern tradition concerning Pantaleon follows more or less the medieval Western hagiography, but lacks any mention of a visible apparition of Christ. It states instead that Hermolaus was still alive while Pantaleon's torture was underway, but was martyred himself only shortly before Pantaleon's beheading along with two companions, Hermippas and Thermocrates.

Pantaleon's relics, venerated at Nicomedia, were transferred to Constantinople. Numerous churches, shrines, and monasteries have been named for him; in the West most often as St. Pantaleon and in the East as St. Panteleimon; to him is consecrated the St. Panteleimon Monastery at Mount Athos.

Church of St. Panteleimon, built in 1735-39, is one of the oldest in St. Petersburg.
Church of St. Panteleimon, built in 1735-39, is one of the oldest in St. Petersburg.

[edit] Veneration in Western Europe

At the Basilica of the Vierzehnheiligen near Staffelstein in Franconia, St. Pantaleon is venerated with his hands nailed to his head, reflecting another legend about his death.

After the Black Death of the mid-14th century in Western Europe, as a patron saint of physicians and midwives, he came to be regarded as one of the fourteen guardian martyrs, the Fourteen Holy Helpers. Relics of the saint are to be found at Saint Denis at Paris; his head is venerated at Lyon. A romanesque church was dedicated to him in Cologne in the 9th century at latest.

In Italy Pantaleon gives favourable lottery numbers in dreams.[9] A phial containing some of his blood was long preserved at Ravello.[10] On the feast day of the saint, the blood was said to become fluid and to bubble (CE): compare Saint Januarius. Paolo Veronese’s painting of Pantaleon can be found in the church of San Pantalon in Venice; it shows the saint healing a child. Another painting of Pantaleon by Fumiani is also in the same church.[11] He was depicted in an 8th century fresco in Santa Maria Antiqua in Rome, and in a 10th century cycle of pictures in the crypt of San Crisogono in Rome.[12]

In France, he was depicted in a window in Chartres Cathedral.[13] In southern France there are six communes under the protective name of Saint-Pantaléon. Though there are individual churches consecrated to him elsewhere, there are no communes named for him in the north or northwest of France. The six are:

[edit] References

  1. ^ [http://books.google.com/books?id=PBGzh1JK2gUC&pg=PA217&dq=st.+pantaleon&ei=lIYqSIG2GZ2yjAHiwfjJDQ&sig=5ggLSJIenXmFGYxwF_6N_jwBsW0 Alban Butler, Butler's Lives of the Saints (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), 217.
  2. ^ Alban Butler, Butler’s Lives of the Saints (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), 217.
  3. ^ St. Alphonsus Liguori, Victories of the Martyrs, pg. 308
  4. ^ St. Alphonsus Liguori, Victories of the Martyrs, pg. 308
  5. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Pantaleon
  6. ^ Graecarum affectionum curatio, Sermo VIII, "De martyribus", published in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, LXXXIII 1033
  7. ^ De aedificiis Justiniani (I, ix; V, ix)
  8. ^ Bollandists' Acta Sanctorum for November, II, 1, 97
  9. ^ Clemens Jockle, Encyclopedia of Saints (London: Alpine Fine Arts Collection, 1995), 349.
  10. ^ Alban Butler, Butler’s Lives of the Saints (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), 217.
  11. ^ Alban Butler, Butler’s Lives of the Saints (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), 217.
  12. ^ Alban Butler, Butler’s Lives of the Saints (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), 217.
  13. ^ Alban Butler, Butler’s Lives of the Saints (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000), 217.

[edit] External links

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The Fourteen Holy Helpers