Saburō Kurusu
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Saburō Kurusu (来栖 三郎 Kurusu Saburō?, March 6, 1886- April 7, 1954) was a Japanese career diplomat. He is remembered now as an envoy who negotiated peace with the United States while Japan was secretly preparing the attack on Pearl Harbor. As Imperial Japan's ambassador to Germany from 1939 to November 1941, he signed the Tripartite Pact along with the foreign ministers of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on September 27, 1940.
Kurusu was born in Yokohama in 1883, and graduated in 1909 from the Tokyo Commercial College in 1909. The following year, he entered diplomatic service, and in 1914, first came to the United States as the Japanese Consul in Chicago. During his six year service in Chicago, Kurusu married Alice Little [1]. His first two children, a son and a daughter, were born in the United States; another daughter, Pia, was born in Italy in 1926. Both daughters married Americans and moved back to the United States [2]. The son, Captain Makoto "Norman" Kurusu, was a fighter pilot who was killed in a dogfight over Chiba in March, 1945 [3].
After serving in Chile, Italy, Germany and Peru, Kurusu was promoted to director of the Foreign Office Commerce Bureau to negotiate trade agreements. In 1937, he was made Ambassador to Belgium, and two years later the Ambassador to Germany. On September 27, 1940, Kurusu signed the Tripartite Pact in Berlin on behalf of the Japanese Empire, entering into a ten year military and economic treaty between Germany, Italy and Japan. [4].
After peace talks between the United States and Japan bogged down in 1941, Kurusu was dispatched as the Imperial government's "special envoy". Arriving in Washington on November 15, Kurusu told newsmen "I am indeed glad to be here in your nation's capital. I extend greetings to all from the bottom of my heart." [5]. Two days later, Secretary of State Cordell Hull brought Kurusu to the White House to meet with President Roosevelt. On November 20, Kurusu presented Japan's proposal that the United States cease aid to China and resume trade relations that had been frozen in December 1939. On November 26, Hull conveyed President Roosevelt's demands for Japan to withdraw its troops from China and to sever its Axis ties with Germany and Italy as a condition for peace [6]. Kurusu reveiewed the demand and replied, "If this is the attitude of the American government, I don't see how an agreement is possible. Tokyo will throw up its hands at this." [7].
Over the next three weeks, Kurusu and Ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura continued to confer with Hull while awaiting Japan's reply. On the afternoon of December 7, delivered Japan's reply, breaking relations and closing with the statement that "The immutable policy of Japan is to promote world peace." At that moment, the bombing of Pearl Harbor had commenced. Unaware of what was happening, news reporters questioned Kurusu and Nomura as they left Hull's office. "Is this your last conference?" one asked, and an unsmiling Nomura had no answer. "Will the embassy issue a statement later?" asked another, and Kurusu replied, "I don't know." [8] In addressing Congress the next day, President Roosevelt said, "Indeed, one hour after Japanese squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message," [9].
After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Kurusu was interned in the United States at Hot Springs, Virginia[10], until the United States and Japan negotiated an exchange of their diplomatic personnel and citizens. In June 1942, Kurusu sailed to Mozambique on board the ocean liner Gripsholm, which then brought back American ambassador to Japan Joseph Grew and other Americans who had been interned in Japan. Following the Allied victory in Japan, the American military tribunal elected in February, 1946, not to prosecute either Kurusu or Nomura [11]. Kurusu was a visiting professor at Tokyo University and lived at a country estate in Karuizawa with his wife Alice. Like Nomura, Kurusu maintained for the rest of his life that he had been unaware of the plans for Pearl Harbor. "It must seem absurd to you," he told and interviewer Frank Robertson of the INS wire service, "but it's true. The militarists kept their secret extremely well." [12] He died at the age of 68.
[edit] References
- ^ Current Biography 1942, pp476-78
- ^ "Nomura, Kurusu Still Maintain Innocence in Hawaii Attack," Long Beach Press Telegram, December 7, 1951, p29
- ^ "Japs Announce Son of Kurusu Killed," Long Beach Press Telegram, March 4, 1945, p5
- ^ "JAPAN JOINS AXIS; U.S. THREATENED", Oakland Tribune, September 27, 1940, p1
- ^ "Jap Envoy Arrives With 'Final Offer'", The Charleston Gazette, November 16, 1941, p1
- ^ "Leave China, U.S. Warns Nippon; Blunt Demand to Envoys", The Charleston Gazette, November 27, 1941, p1
- ^ H.O. Thompson, United Press, "How Japan Planned War", printed in Nevada State Journal, December 5, 1942, p1
- ^ The Galveston Daily News, December 7, 1941, EXTRA EDITION p8
- ^ "Complete Text of Roosevelt's Message," The Charleston Gazette, December 8, 1941, p1
- ^ "Kurusu Leaves for Hot Springs, Va.," Bismarck Tribune, December 29, 1941, p1
- ^ "Kurusu, Nomura To Escape Trial," Reno Evening Gazette, February 4, 1946, p7
- ^ "Kurusu Denies He Knew Plans By Japan To Start Pacific War," INS report reprinted in The Lowell Sun, November 19, 1945, p29
[edit] External links
- Riding the East Wind - review of novel by Otohiko Kaga about Saburo Kurusu and his family
- Origins of the Great Asia War
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