Russo–Crimean War (1571)

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In 1570, the Crimean Khanate terribly devastated the Ryazan borderland of Muscovy, not meeting strong resistance. In May 1571, the 120-thousand Crimean and Turkish army (80,000 Tatar, 33,000 irregular Turks and 7000 janissary) led by the khan of Crimea Devlet I Giray, and Big and Small Nogai hordes and troops of Circassians, bypassed the Serpukhov defensive fortifications on the river Oka, crossed the river Ugra and rounded the flank of the 6000 man Russian army. The sentry troops of Russians were crushed by the Crimeans. Not having forces to stop the invasion, the Russian army receded to Moscow. The rural Russian population also fled to the capital.

The Crimean army devastated unprotected towns and villages around of Moscow, and then set fire to suburbs of the capital. Due to a strong wind, the fire was quickly extended. The townspeople, chased by a fire and refugees, rushed to northern gate of capital. At the gate and in the narrow streets, there was a crush, people "went in three lines went on heads one of another, and top pressed those who were under them"^{[citation needed]}. The army, having mixed up with refugees, lost order, and general prince Belsky died in a fire.

Within three hours, Moscow burnt out completely. In one more day, the Crimean army, sated with its pillage, left on the Ryazan road to the steppes. The Ottomans placed into slavery 150,000 Russians^{[citation needed]}. Contemporaries counted up to 100,000 victims^{[citation needed]} of the invasion in 1571. Papal ambassador Possevin testified of the devastation: he counted in 1580 no more than 30,000 inhabitants of Moscow, though in 1520, the Moscow population was about 100,000^{[citation needed]}.

After burning Moscow, Devlet I Giray, supported by the Ottoman Empire, developed the plan of full conquest of the Russian state. The next year, the invasion of his army was repeated but repelled during the Battle of Molodi.