Royal Institution Christmas Lectures
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The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have been held in London annually since 1825. They serve as a forum for presenting complex scientific issues to young people in an informative and entertaining manner. In the mid 1820s Michael Faraday, a former Director of the Royal Institution, initiated the first Christmas Lecture series at a time when organised education for young people was scarce. He presented a total of 19 series, establishing an exciting new venture of teaching science to young people that was eventually copied by other institutions internationally.
The Christmas Lectures have continued annually since this time, stopping only during World War II. Many world famous scientists have given the lectures, including Baroness Susan Greenfield (the current Director of the Royal Institution), naturalist Sir David Attenborough, astronomer Carl Sagan, biologist Richard Dawkins and Nobel Laureate George Porter.
Since 2004, the Christmas Lectures have been supported by the Leverhulme Trust.
[edit] Television
The lectures were televised by the BBC for several decades. However, in recent years the lectures have been shown on Channel 4 and now Five. They have become an established part of the 'Christmas Tradition' for many families, keeping children occupied during the days after Christmas when the presents begin to get old, and as such the decision by Five in 2006 to air Home and Away at the time the Lectures have been usually broadcast, 12 o'clock, caused widespread criticism, although the later time was felt by some to be more convenient.
[edit] Christmas Lecture speakers since 1825
Here is a list of all the Christmas Lecture speakers since 1825:
| Year | Lecturer | Subject |
|---|---|---|
| 1825 | John Millington | Natural Philosophy |
| 1826 | J. Wallis | Astronomy |
| 1827 | Michael Faraday | Chemistry |
| 1828 | J. Wood | Architecture |
| 1829 | Michael Faraday | Electricity |
| 1830 | Thomas Webster | Geology |
| 1831 | James Rennie | Zoology |
| 1832 | Michael Faraday | Chemistry |
| 1833 | John Lindley | Botany |
| 1834 | William Thomas Brande | Chemistry |
| 1835 | Michael Faraday | Electricity |
| 1836 | William Thomas Brande | Chemistry of the Gases |
| 1837 | Michael Faraday | Chemistry |
| 1838 | J. Wallis | Astronomy |
| 1839 | William Thomas Brande | The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and the Ocean |
| 1840 | John Frederic Daniell | The First Principles of Franklinic Electricity |
| 1841 | Michael Faraday | The Rudiments of Chemistry |
| 1842 | William Thomas Brande | The Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements |
| 1843 | Michael Faraday | First Principles of Electricity |
| 1844 | William Thomas Brande | The Chemistry of the Gases |
| 1845 | Michael Faraday | The Rudiments of Chemistry |
| 1846 | J. Wallis | The Rudiments of Astronomy |
| 1847 | William Thomas Brande | The Elements of Organic Chemistry |
| 1848 | Michael Faraday | The Chemical History of a Candle |
| 1849 | Robert Walker | The Properties of Matter and the Laws of Motion |
| 1850 | William Thomas Brande | The Chemistry of Coal |
| 1851 | Michael Faraday | Attractive Forces |
| 1852 | Michael Faraday | Chemistry |
| 1853 | Michael Faraday | Voltaic Electricity |
| 1854 | Michael Faraday | The Chemistry of Combustion |
| 1855 | Michael Faraday | The Distinctive Properties of the Common Metals |
| 1856 | Michael Faraday | Attractive Forces |
| 1857 | Michael Faraday | Static Electricity |
| 1858 | Michael Faraday | The Metallic Properties |
| 1859 | Michael Faraday | The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to Each Other |
| 1860 | Michael Faraday | The Chemical History of a Candle |
| 1861 | John Tyndall | Light |
| 1862 | Edward Frankland | Air and Water |
| 1863 | John Tyndall | Electricity at Rest and Electricity in Motion |
| 1864 | Edward Frankland | The Chemistry of a Coal |
| 1865 | John Tyndall | Sound |
| 1866 | Edward Frankland | The Chemistry of Gases |
| 1867 | John Tyndall | Heat and Cold |
| 1868 | William Odling | The Chemical Changes of Carbon |
| 1869 | John Tyndall | Light |
| 1870 | William Odling | Burning and Unburning |
| 1871 | John Tyndall | Ice, Water, Vapour and Air |
| 1872 | William Odling | Air and Gas |
| 1873 | John Tyndall | The Motion and Sensation of Sound |
| 1874 | John Hall Gladstone | The Voltaic Battery |
| 1875 | John Tyndall | Experimental Electricity |
| 1876 | John Hall Gladstone | The Chemistry of Fire |
| 1877 | John Tyndall | Heat, Visible and Invisible |
| 1878 | James Dewar | A Soap Bubble |
| 1879 | John Tyndall | Water and Air |
| 1880 | James Dewar | Atoms |
| 1881 | Robert Stawell Ball | The Sun, the Moon and the Planets |
| 1882 | John Tyndall | Light and the Eye |
| 1883 | James Dewar | Alchemy in Relation to Modern Science |
| 1884 | John Tyndall | The Sources of Electricity |
| 1885 | James Dewar | The Story of a Meteorite |
| 1886 | James Dewar | The Chemistry of Light and Photography |
| 1887 | Robert Stawell Ball | Astronomy |
| 1888 | James Dewar | Clouds and Cloudland |
| 1889 | Arthur Rücker | Electricity |
| 1890 | James Dewar | Frost and Fire |
| 1891 | J.G. McKendrick | Life in Motion; or the Animal Machine |
| 1892 | Robert Stawell Ball | Astronomy |
| 1893 | James Dewar | Air: Gaseous and Liquid |
| 1894 | John Ambrose Fleming | The Work of an Electric Current |
| 1895 | J.G. McKendrick | Sound, Hearing and Speech |
| 1896 | Sylvanus Phillips Thompson | Light, Visible and Invisible |
| 1897 | Oliver Lodge | The Principles of the Electric Telegraph |
| 1898 | Robert Stawell Ball | Astronomy |
| 1899 | Charles Vernon Boys | Fluids in Motion and at Rest |
| 1900 | Robert Stawell Ball | Great Chapters from the Book of Nature |
| 1901 | John Ambrose Fleming | Waves and Ripples in Water, Air and Aether |
| 1902 | H.S. Hele-Shaw | Locomotion - on the Earth, through the Water, in the Air |
| 1903 | Edwin Ray Lankester | Extinct Animals |
| 1904 | H.H. Cunynghame | Ancient and Modern Methods of Measuring Time |
| 1905 | Herbert Hall Turner | Astronomy |
| 1906 | William Duddell | Signalling to a Distance |
| 1907 | David Gill | Astronomy, Old and New |
| 1908 | W. Stirling | The Wheel of Life |
| 1909 | William Duddell | Modern Electricity |
| 1910 | Sylvanus Phillips Thompson | Sound: Musical and Non-Musical |
| 1911 | Peter Chalmers Mitchell | The Childhood of Animals |
| 1912 | James Dewar | Christmas Lecture Epilogues |
| 1913 | Herbert Hall Turner | A Voyage in Space |
| 1914 | Charles Vernon Boys | Science in the Home |
| 1915 | Herbert Hall Turner | Wireless Messages from the Stars |
| 1916 | A. Keith | The Human Machine Which All Must Work |
| 1917 | John Ambrose Fleming | Our Useful Servants - Magnetism and Electricity |
| 1918 | D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson | The Fish of the Sea |
| 1919 | William Henry Bragg | The World of Sound |
| 1920 | John Arthur Thomson | The Haunts of Life |
| 1921 | John Ambrose Fleming | Electric Waves and Wireless Telephony |
| 1922 | Herbert Hall Turner | Six Steps Up the Ladder to the Stars |
| 1923 | William Henry Bragg | Concerning the Nature of Things |
| 1924 | F. Balfour Browne | Concerning the Habits of Insects |
| 1925 | William Henry Bragg | Old Trades and New Knowledge |
| 1926 | A.V. Hill | Nerves and Muscles: How We Feel and Move |
| 1927 | Edward Neville da Costa Andrade | Engines |
| 1928 | A. Wood | Sound Waves and their Uses |
| 1929 | Stephen Ranulph Kingdom Glanville | How Things Were Done in Ancient Egypt |
| 1930 | A.M. Tyndall | The Electric Spark |
| 1931 | William Lawrence Bragg | The Universe of Light |
| 1932 | Alexander Oliver Rankine | The Round of the Waters |
| 1933 | James Hopwood Jeans | Through Space and Time |
| 1934 | William Lawrence Bragg | Electricity |
| 1935 | C.E.K. Mees | Photography |
| 1936 | G.I. Taylor | Ships |
| 1937 | Julian Huxley | Rare Animals and the Disappearance of Wild Life |
| 1938 | James Kendall | Young Chemists and Great Discoveries |
| 1939-1942 | No Lectures | |
| 1943 | Edward Neville da Costa Andrade | Vibrations and Waves |
| 1944 | Harold Spencer Jones | Astronomy in our Daily Life |
| 1945 | Robert Watson-Watt | Wireless |
| 1946 | H. Hartridge | Colours and How We See Them |
| 1947 | Eric K. Rideal | Chemical Reactions: How They Work |
| 1948 | F. Bartlett | The Mind at Work and Play |
| 1949 | Percy Dunsheath | The Electric Current |
| 1950 | Edward Neville da Costa Andrade | Waves and Vibrations |
| 1951 | James Gray | How Animals Move |
| 1952 | F. Sherwood Taylor | How Science Has Grown |
| 1953 | J.A. Ratcliffe | The Uses of Radio Waves |
| 1954 | Frank Whittle | The Story of Petroleum |
| 1955 | Harry W. Melville | Big Molecules |
| 1956 | H. Baines | Photography |
| 1957 | J. Huxley and J. Fisher | Birds |
| 1958 | J.A. Ratcliffe, J.M. Stagg, | The International Geophysical Year |
| R.L.F. Boyd, Graham Sutton, | ||
| G.E.R. Deacon & G. de Q. Robin | ||
| 1959 | Thomas E. Allibone | The Release and Use of Atomic Energy |
| 1960 | V.E. Cosslett | Seeing the Very Small |
| 1961 | William Lawrence Bragg | Electricity |
| 1962 | R.E.D. Bishop | Vibration |
| 1963 | Ronald King | Energy |
| 1964 | Desmond Morris | Animal Behaviour |
| 1965 | Bernard Lovell, | Exploration of the Universe |
| Francis Graham Smith, | ||
| Martin Ryle & Anthony Hewish | ||
| 1966 | Eric R. Laithwaite | The Engineer in Wonderland |
| 1967 | Richard L. Gregory | The Intelligent Eye |
| 1968 | P. Morrison | Gulliver's Laws: the Physics of Large and Small |
| 1969 | George Porter | Time Machines |
| 1970 | J. Napier | Monkeys Without Tails: A Giraffe's Eye-view of Man |
| 1971 | Charles Taylor | Sounds of Music: the Science of Tones and Tune |
| 1972 | G.G. Gouriet | Ripples in the Ether: the Science of Radio Communication |
| 1973 | David Attenborough | The Language of Animals |
| 1974 | Eric R. Laithwaite | The Engineer Through the Looking Glass |
| 1975 | Heinz Wolff | Signals from the Interior |
| 1976 | George Porter | The Natural History of a Sunbeam |
| 1977 | Carl Sagan | The Planets |
| 1978 | E. Christopher Zeeman | Mathematics into Pictures |
| 1979 | E.M. Rogers | Atoms for Engineering Minds: a Circus of Experiments |
| 1980 | David Phillips | The Chicken, the Egg and the Molecules |
| with Max Perutz (lecture 5) | ||
| 1981 | R.V. Jones | From Magna Carta to Microchip |
| 1982 | Colin Blakemore | Common Sense |
| 1983 | Leonard Maunder | Machines in Motion |
| 1984 | Walter Bodmer | The Message of the Genes |
| 1985 | David Pye | Communicating |
| 1986 | Lewis Wolpert | Frankenstein's Quest: Development of Life |
| 1987 | John Meurig Thomas | Crystals and Lasers |
| and David Phillips | ||
| 1988 | Gareth Roberts | The Home of the Future |
| 1989 | Charles Taylor | Exploring Music |
| 1990 | Malcolm S Longair | Origins |
| 1991 | Richard Dawkins | Growing Up in the Universe |
| 1992 | Charles J.M. Stirling | Our World Through the Looking Glass |
| 1993 | Frank Close | The Cosmic Onion |
| 1994 | Susan Greenfield | Journey to the Centre of the Brain |
| 1995 | James Jackson | Planet Earth, An Explorer's guide |
| 1996 | Simon Conway Morris | The History in our Bones |
| 1997 | Ian Stewart | The Magical Maze |
| 1998 | Nancy Rothwell | Staying Alive |
| 1999 | Neil Johnson | Arrow of Time |
| 2000 | Kevin Warwick | Rise of the Robots |
| 2001 | John Sulston | The Secrets of Life |
| 2002 | Tony Ryan | Smart Stuff |
| 2003 | Monica Grady | Voyage in Space and Time |
| 2004 | Lloyd Peck | To the End of the Earth: surviving Antarctic extremes |
| 2005 | John Krebs | The Truth About Food |
| 2006 | Marcus du Sautoy | The Num8er My5teries |
| 2007 | Dr. Hugh Montgomery | Back from the brink: the science of survival |
