Romulus der Große
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Friedrich Dürrenmatt's play Romulus der Große (Romulus the Great, 1950) shows the demise of the Roman Empire in the 5th Century - taking place during the day of (and the day following) the Ides of March, 476 A.D.
The ruin of the Empire is calmly expected by the Emperor Romulus Augustulus. Despite the attempts of his ministers and courtiers to force the emperor to take decisive steps against the increasing peril of the Germanic invasion, Romulus prefers to stay at home breeding domesticated chickens and not to act.
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[edit] Plot Summary
[edit] Act One
The soldier Spurius Titus Mamma arrives at Romulus's hen-ridden, run-down country residence, bleeding and exhausted, having ridden day and night to inform the Emperor the fall of Pavia. Romulus is eventually to be found bartering over the sale of the busts of some of Rome's greatest cultural and historical figures. Romulus refuses to receive the news brought to him, instead insisting that Spurius Titus Mamma go to sleep whilst he himself breakfasts. Meanwhile, the finely-clad Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire Zeno arrives, whose Byzantine Empire has been flooded with German ranks. His initiative is that both sides of Rome unite to fight, yet on seeing Romulus's complacence soon decides he would rather set his resistance campaign in motion from Alexandria, whence he resolves to sail the following day. At this point the rich German trouser manufacturer Caesar Rupf arrives, offering to pay the Germanic forces 10 Million sestertii in return for a retreat, yet only if he can take the Princess Rea as his bride. Romulus refuses this, stating he would readily sell the Empire for a handful of setertii, but he will not sell his daughter.
[edit] Act Two
The remaining secretaries of the Empire gather in the Villa's Park, musing on the impending destruction of the Empire and contemplate begging Romulus to resume reigning and defeat the Germanic people. Meanwhile, tortured, scalped, thin and pale, Emilian, fiancé of Rea, arrives after spending three years in German captivity. Patriotic to the core, he is disgusted at the Emperor's "dirty henhouse". On meeting, the Princess does not recognise him. He eventually reveals his identity, but speaks only of his former self, as if he were now a ghost. Rea, of course, still loves the man to whom she was engaged three years ago, which Emilian sees and takes advantage of, demanding her to "take a knife" and herself struggle against the Germans. Hearing of Caesar Rupf's offer, Emilian tells Rea that she must marry the trouser manufacturer; it is because she loves him that he is able to demand this of her. The assembled, thinking the Empire has been rescued, break out into joy. However, Romulus will not grant permission for the marriage to take place.
The first signs of Romulus's darker purpose emerge here:
"My daughter will comply with the will of the Emperor. The Emperor knows what he does when he throws his realm into the fire, when he lets fall what must be destroyed, and grinds with his foot what belongs to the earth."
[edit] Act Three
The night of the Ides of March. Romulus is vistited in his bedchamber by the Empress Julia, who informs him of her plan to flee to Sicily. Romulus refuses to accompany her or to reconsider his decision to forbid Rea's marriage to Rupf. It becomes clear here that Julia and Romulus never loved one another, instead, each used the marriage for his own purpose. Julia wished to attain the status of Empress, and so married the well-descended Romulus. Romulus, however, married into the ruling bloodline with the sole purpose of liquidating a nation whose nature had become too bloody and violent to justify defence. Later that night, Rea also visits her father, whom he persuades to pursue her engagement to Emilian, for
"it is much greater and harder to be faithful to a person than to the State."
Meanwhile, a cloaked figure slips in through the window and lies in wait in the darkness. Romulus sees this in the reflection on his wineglass and once Rea has gone, calls out to the figure, Emilian, to reveal himself. From here, further conspirators are discovered concealed in absurd places in Romulus's bedchamber: the Home Secretary under the divan, Zeno in the cupboard, Spurius Titus Mamma in the wardrobe, all cloaked in black and bearing daggers.
Yet even this last try for revolution against Romulus goes awry. Romulus is nonplussed; he is only surprised to learn that his Cook is one amongst the sworn traitors. The group flees as soon as news is shouted at them that a Germanic army has arrived, abandoning their plot and leaving Romulus to await his death at the hands of the German Prince Odoacer.
[edit] Act Four
Romulus awakes on the morning following the Ides of March. News is brought to him that his two butlers have been offered positions serving Caesar Rupf, with excellent pay, and that the raft carrying Rea, Julia, Emilian, the Home Secretary, the War Minister and the Cook capsized, drowning all those aboard except Zeno. Romulus receives this news stoically, declining to mourn, in anticipation of his own impending death. As Odoacer enters the Villa, Romulus has to see he is tragically mistaken - his adversary is as world-weary as himself, having been forced into a bloody streak of conquest by his people and especially his bloodthirsty nephew Theoderic. Instead of coming to kill Romulus, Odoacer begs him for help.
Both eventually conclude that they have been trying to preside over the world, when in fact the only control they truly have is over the present. Odoacer admits that if he continued to rule, Theoderic will one day depose him. Nonetheless he yields to the title "King of Italy", bestowing upon Romulus a pension of 6000 gold coins per year and a countryside villa, in which he must live with his folly for the rest of his life.
[edit] Characters
The main characters of the play:
Romulus Augustus: Emperor of West Rome, believed by all to concern himself with hen-rearing over matters of state. Never having stepped outside of his country villa, never having walked on the streets of his land, he is nonetheless described initially as "over fifty, peaceful, comfortable and definite". His behaviour in the first two Acts should not be interpreted as callous indifference, neither is he intended to come across as a "nice" individual here either. It is only in the third Act that Dürrenmatt intended his plan, and at the same time, the other dimension of his character, to be revealed.
Odoacer: Germanic prince and leader of the campaign to overthrow the Roman Empire. He is portrayed as a parallel figure to Romulus himself, nurturing the same love of hen-rearing. Searching for a humanity which he perceives in Romulus, it transpires he never wished to enter into the war (instead was forced by his people's lust for heroism) and as such is a stark contrast to bloodthirsty Theoderic.
Julia: Wife of Emperor Romulus and "Landesmutter" (literally "mother of the land"), granddaughter of the Emperor Julian. The ironic pairing of names, Romulus and Julia, parodies Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, a story of true love corrupted by society. Here though, Julia and Emperor Romulus were never in love: Romulus married Julia in order to be in the position to liquidate the Empire. Yet what for him was the means to an end was for her the end itself: she married for ambition; to become the Empress.
Rea: Daughter of the Emperor, still young and naїve. The patriotic ideal is firmly instilled in her and so she is prepared to marry the rich German trouser manufacturer Caesar Rupf in order to buy the freedom of the Empire.
Zeno der Isaurier: Emperor of East Rome, or Byzantine, easily manipulated by his butlers.
Emilian: Engaged to Princess Rea. He was taken into German captivity, where, whilst held prisoner, he was scalped and tortured horrifically. He escaped and travelled pace by pace through the destroyed countryside of Rome to the Emperor's villa. Truly patriotic, he sacrificed himself and will readily sacrifice others for the sake of his country.
Spurius Titus Mamma: A rider who rode for two days and two nights to deliver news of the fall of the Empire. He refuses to rest throughout the play, yet ironically sleeps through the final moments of Rome's collapse, only waking as Odoacer is pronounced King of Italy.
Caesar Rupf: German billionaire trouser manufacture, who believes that "everyone can be bought". He offers to buy Rome's security in return for a wife, to produce an heir for the Rupf Empire.
Theoderic: "A polite young man", nephew to Odoacer, whose virtues, however, accompany ruthless self-discipline, bloodthirstiness and heroism.
Mares, Tullius Rotundus, Phylax: War Secretary, Home Secretary and theatrical tutor to Rea respectively.
Apollyon: Auctioneer. Sly and economically minded, opportunistic.
Achilles & Pyramus: Butlers to Romulus.
Phosphoridos & Sulphurides: Butlers to Zeno.
[edit] Historical Accuracy
Dürrenmatt took some rather great liberties in describing the historical story - in reality, Romulus Augustulus was just a child who spent only a few months in power and depended heavily upon his father, Orestes. Poultry-rearing was a habit not of Romulus, but an earlier emperor, Honorius. Odoacer and Theoderic, on the other hand, were not family but rather leaders of two quarreling Germanic tribes. Dürrenmatt of course did not seek historical accuracy and even gave the play the following subheading: “Ungeschichtliche historische Komödie” (Unhistorical historical comedy).
[edit] Dramatic Technique
"Romulus der Grosse" is an example of Bertold Brecht's Epic Theatre. The audience is left at a distance from the main action of the play, and thus become involved not in the plot but the central moral debate at its core.
[edit] Film Version and Gore Vidal Adaptation
- The play was televised in 1965, in black & white, by Helmut Käutner for a West-German audience. Romuald Pekny starred as Romulus.
- U.S. novelist and essayist Gore Vidal adapted the play as Romulus in 1962.
[edit] External links
- Romulus der Grosse (German)
