Roman auxiliaries in Britain

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The overall size of the Roman forces in Britain grew from c.40,000 in the mid 1st century AD to a maximum of c.55,000 in the mid 2nd century.^[1] But the proportion of auxiliaries in Britain grew from c.50% before 69AD to over 70% in c.150. By mid 2nd century, there were c.70 auxiliary regiments in Britain, for a total of over 40,000 men. These outnumbered the 16,500 legionaries in Britain (three legions) by 2.5 to 1.^[2] This was the greatest concentration of auxilia in any single province of the Empire. It implies major continuing security problems, and this is supported by the (thin) historical evidence. After Agricola, the following Emperors conducted major military operations in Britain: Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Septimius Severus.

The deployment of Roman military forces in Britain in the early 2nd century may be summarised as follows:

ROMAN AUXILIARY REGIMENTS: Summary of known deployments c130 AD^[3]

Province	Approx. modern equivalent	Alae (no. milliariae)	Cohortes (no. mill.)	Total units	XXX	Cavalry strength*	Infantry strength	Total auxilia	XXX	No legions	Legionaries (infantry)	XXX	TOTAL GARRISON
Britannia	England/Wales	11 (1)	45 (6)	56		10,688	25,520	36,208		3	16,500		52,708

Of the large number of auxilia units stationed in Britain, none were originally native British. However, the majority came from the geographically and culturally close areas of northern Gaul and lower Rhineland e.g. Batavi, Tungri. Although local recruitment resulted in a growing British character to these regiments, the Batavi at least continued ro recruit heavily in their native area and inscription evidence supports the view that many regiments had an international membership.^[4]

An important deployment of auxilia regiments in Britain was as garrisons for the dozens of forts on Hadrian's Wall, and its surrounding regions, both to the north and the south. However, the major forts along Hadrian's Wall required only a cohort level of strength, since the main purpose of this wall was not to combat a major invasion, but to inhibit smaller bands of men from unlawful immigration into the subdued Britannia.^[5][6] This focus switched to the Antonine Wall in Scotland for the period it was held;^[6] however, a number of forts in the Lowland area of Scotland were garrisoned throughout the second century.

Contents 1 Vindolanda Tablets 2 Regiments deployed in Britain 3 Citations 4 See also

[edit] Vindolanda Tablets

The discovery in the 1970's, and continuing unveiling of, the Vindolanda Tablets offer a unique glimpse into the everyday lives of auxiliary soldiers stationed in northern England in the period 85-122, just before the construction of Hadrian's Wall. These documents (573 of which have been published to date), consist of letters and memoranda written on wooden tablets to and from the auxiliary soldiers garrisoning the fort of Vindolanda (Chesterholm). The documents mainly relate to the Cohors I Tungrorum, a regiment originating among the Tungri tribe of the Ardennes region (Belgium/France/Luxembourg). The tablets have survived decomposition due to being deposited in anaerobic conditions.

The Tablets range from official unit reports and memoranda to the unit commander to personal correspondence. Of special interest are unit status reports (renuntiae). One such shows the milliary I Tungrorum as under-strength, with only 752 instead of the official 800 men on its rolls. This document also shows the flexibility of unit deployments: a detachment of 337 men is reported as stationed at another fort and 46 men on escort duty (singulares) with the provincial governor's staff. Further smaller detachments were at aiz other locations.^[7] In general, the Tablets show the Roman Empire was far more bureaucratised than previously thought, with likely millions of written documents generated every year by the army alone.^[8]

The Tablets are also of a more personal nature, with social letters between soldiers and their families and friends. They also established beyond reasonable doubt that Roman soldiers (at least auxiliaries) wore underpants (subligaria)^[9] and used a disparaging nickname for their British hosts: Brittunculi. In Latin, the suffix -unculus is both diminutive and pejorative: the term translates as "pathetic little Brits".^[10] The author was probably not referring to the provincial population as a whole, but specifically to young trainee recruits to the regiment. Even so, the remark implies that indigenisation of the regiment was far from complete at that time. The seemingly common use of the Tablets implies that they may have been the normal writing material in the northwestern Empire, instead of the papyrus normally used in the Mediterranean.

[edit] Regiments deployed in Britain

Table I(a): BRITANNIA: Auxiliary regiments deployed under Hadrian^[11]

ALAE	XXX	COHORTES	COHORTES	COHORTES
Agrippina Miniata I Hispanorum Asturum II Asturum Augusta Gallorum Petriana c.R. Augusta Gallorum Proculeiana Picentiana Gallorum II Gallorum Sebosiana Gllorum et Thracum Classiana I Pannoniorum Sabiniana I Pannoniorum Tampiana I Thracum I Tungrorum Hispanorum Vettonum Augusta Vocontiorum		I Alpinorum peditata I Aquitanorum II Asturum eq IV Breucorum I Augusta Bracarum III Bracaraugustanorum I Baetasiorum c.R. I Batavorum eq I Celtiberorum I Aelia classica I Ulpia Cugernorum c.R. I Aelia Dacorum I Delmatarum II Delmatarum IV Delmatarum I Frisiavonum	II Gallorum veterana eq IV Gallorum eq V Gallorum VI Gallorum I Hispanorum eq I Aelia Hispanorum eq I Lingonum eq II Lingonum eq III Lingonum eq IV Lingonum eq I Menapiorum I Morinorum I nauticarum I Augusta Nerviana Germanorum eq I Nerviorum II Nerviorum	III Nervorum IV Nerviorum II Pannoniorum V Raetorum I Sunucorum I Thracum II Thracum veterana VII Thracum I Tungrorum II Tungrorum c.L. eq I Vangionum eq I Vardulorum c.R. eq II Vasconum c.R. I Hamiorum sagitt

NOTE: Double-strength (milliary) regiments in bold type.

[edit] Citations

[edit] See also

Roman auxiliaries