Romain Rolland
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| Romain Rolland | |
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| Born | 29 January 1866 Clamecy, Nièvre |
| Died | 30 December 1944 (aged 78) Vézelay |
| Occupation | novelist |
| Nationality | French |
| Writing period | 1902–1944 |
| Notable award(s) | Nobel Prize in Literature 1915 |
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Romain Rolland (January 29, 1866–December 30, 1944) was a French writer and dramatist, best known as the author of the novel series Jean-Christophe (1904-12).
His first book was published in 1902, when he was already 36 years old. Thirteen years later, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings."
His mind sculpted by a passion for music and discursive admiration for exceptional men, he sought a means of communion among men for his entire life. Through his advocacy for a 'people's theatre', he made a significant contribution towards the democratization of the theatre. Because of his insistence upon justice and his humanist ideal, he looked for peace during and after the First World War in the works of the philosophers of India ("Conversations with Rabindranath Tagore", and Mohandas Gandhi), then in the new world that the Soviet Union had built. But he would not find peace except in writing his works. Romain Rolland was strongly influenced by the Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, and authored several books (see bibliography below) on the subject.
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[edit] Life
Rolland was born in Clamecy, Nièvre to a family of notaries; he had both peasants and wealthy townspeople in his lineage. Writing introspectively in his Voyage intérieur (1942), he sees himself as a representative of an "antique species". He would cast these ancestors in a truculent bawdy tale Colas Breugnon (1919).
Accepted to the École normale supérieure in 1886, he first studied philosophy, but his independence of spirit led him to abandon that so as not to submit to the dominant ideology. He received his degree in history in 1889 and spent two years in Rome, where his encounter with Malwida von Meysenburg–who had been a friend of Nietzsche and of Wagner–and his discovery of Italian masterpieces were decisive for the development of his thought. When he returned to France in 1895, he received his doctoral degree with his thesis The origins of modern lyric theatre and his doctoral dissertation, A History of Opera in Europe before Lully and Scarlatti.
[edit] Towards a People's Theatre
Rolland's most significant contribution to the theatre lies in his advocacy for a 'popular theatre' in his essay Le Théâtre du peuple (1902).[1] "There is only one necessary condition for the emergence of a new theatre", he wrote, "that the stage and auditiorium should be open to the masses, should be able to contain a people and the actions of a people".[2] The book was not published until 1913, but most of its contents had appeared in the Revue d'Art Dramatique between 1900 and 1903. Rolland attempted to put his theory into practice with his melodramatic dramas Danton (1900) and Le 14 juillet (1902), but it was his ideas that formed a major reference point for subsequent practitioners.[3]
| "The people have been gradually conquered by the bourgeois class, penetrated by their thoughts and now want only to resemble them. If you long for a people's art, begin by creating a people!" |
| Romain Rolland, Le Théâtre du peuple (1903).[4] |
The essay is part of a more general movement around the turn of that century towards the democratization of the theatre. The Revue had held a competition and tried to organize a "World Congress on People's Theatre", and a number of People's Theatres had opened across Europe, including the Freie Volksbühne movement ('Free People's Theatre') in Germany and Maurice Pottecher's Théâtre du Peuple in France. Rolland was a disciple of Pottecher and dedicated Le Théâtre du peuple to him.
Rolland's approach is more aggressive, though, than Pottecher's poetic vision of theatre as a substitute 'social religion' bringing unity to the nation. Rolland indites the bourgeoisie for its appropriation of the theatre, causing it to slide into decadence, and the deleterious effects of its ideological dominance. In proposing a suitable repertoire for his people's theatre, Rolland rejects classical drama in the belief that it is either too difficult or too static to be of interest to the masses. Drawing on the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, he proposes instead "an epic historical theatre of 'joy, force and intelligence' which will remind the people of its revolutionary heritage and revitalize the forces working for a new society" (in the words of Bradby and McCormick, quoting Rolland).[5] Rolland believed that the people would be improved by seeing heroic images of their past. Rousseau's influence may be detected in Rolland's conception of theatre-as-festivity, an emphasis that reveals a fundamental anti-theatrical prejudice: "Theatre supposes lives that are poor and agitated, a people searching in dreams for a refuge from thought. If we were happier and freer we should not feel hungry for theatre. [...] A people that is happy and free has need of festivities more than of theatres; it will always see in itself the finest spectacle."[6]
[edit] A teacher, a pacifist, and a loner
He became a history teacher at Lycée Henri IV, then at the Lycée Louis le Grand, and member of the École française de Rome, then a professor of the History of Music at the Sorbonne, and History Professor at the École Normale Supérieure.
A demanding, yet timid, young man, he did not like teaching. He was not indifferent to youth: Jean-Christophe, Olivier and their friends, the heroes of his novels, are young people. But with real-life persons, youths as well as adults, Rolland maintained only a distant relationships. He was first and foremost a writer. Assured that literature would provide him with a modest income, he resigned from the university in 1912.
Romain Rolland was a lifelong pacifist. He protested against the first World War in Au-dessus de la Mêlée (1915), Above the Battle (Chicago, 1916). In 1924, his book on Gandhi contributed to the Indian nonviolent leader's reputation and the two men met in 1931.
In 1928 he and Hungarian scholar, philosopher and natural living experimenter Edmund Bordeaux Szekely founded the International Biogenic Society to promote and expand on their ideas of the integration of mind, body and spirit and the virtues of a natural, simple, vegetarian lifestyle.
He moved to Villeneuve, on the shores of Lac Léman (Lake Geneva) to devote himself to writing. His life was interrupted by health problems, and by travels to art exhibitions. His voyage to Moscow (1935), on the invitation of Maxim Gorky, was an opportunity to meet Stalin, whom he considered the greatest man of his time.[citation needed] Rolland served unofficially as ambassador of French artists to the Soviet Union.
In 1937, he came back to live in Vézelay, which, in 1940, was occupied by the Germans. During the occupation, he isolated himself in complete solitude.
Never stopping his work, in 1940, he finished his memoirs. He also placed the finishing touches on his musical research on the life of Ludwig van Beethoven. Shortly before his death, he wrote Péguy (1944), in which he examines religion and socialism through the context of his memories. He died December 30, 1944 in Vézelay.
[edit] Rolland and Freud
1923 saw the beginning of a correspondence between the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and Rolland, who found that the admiration that he showed for Freud was reciprocated in equal measures (Freud proclaiming in a letter to him: "That I have been allowed to exchange a greeting with you will remain a happy memory to the end of my days.").[7] This correspondence introduced Freud to the concept of the "oceanic feeling" that Rolland had developed through his study of Eastern mysticism. Freud opened his next book Civilization and its Discontents (1929) with a debate on the nature of this feeling, which he mentioned had been noted to him by an anonymous "friend". This friend was Rolland. Rolland would remain a major influence on Freud's work, continuing their correspondence right up to Freud's death in 1939.[8]
[edit] Quotations
"If there is one place on the face of the earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India....For more than 30 centuries, the tree of vision, with all its thousand branches and their millions of twigs, has sprung from this torrid land, the burning womb of the Gods. It renews itself tirelessly showing no signs of decay." [1], Life of Ramakrishna
"The true Vedantic spirit does not start out with a system of preconceived ideas. It possesses absolute liberty and unrivalled courage among religions with regard to the facts to be observed and the diverse hypotheses it has laid down for their coordination. Never having been hampered by a priestly order, each man has been entirely free to search wherever he pleased for the spiritual explanation of the spectacle of the universe." [2], Life of Vivekananda.
[edit] Notes
- ^ David Bradby, "Rolland, Romain". In The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Ed. Martin Banham. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). ISBN 0521434378. p.930.
- ^ Romain Rolland, Le Théâtre du peuple (Paris: Albin Michel) p.121. Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0847660737. p.16.
- ^ David Bradby, "Rolland, Romain". In The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Ed. Martin Banham. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). ISBN 0521434378. p.930.
- ^ Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0847660737. p.32.
- ^ David Bradby and John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0847660737. p.32.
- ^ Quoted by David Bradby and John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Croom Helm and Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978). ISBN 0847660737. p.32-33.
- ^ William B. Parsons, The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic Theory of Mysticism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 23, Questia, 2 Apr. 2007.
- ^ William B. Parsons, The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling: Revisioning the Psychoanalytic Theory of Mysticism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 19, Questia, 2 Apr. 2007.
[edit] Bibliography
| Romain Rolland Bibliography |
| Year | Work | Notes |
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| 1888 | Amour d'enfants | |
| 1891 | Les Baglioni | Unpublished during his lifetime. |
| 1891 | Empédocle (Empedocles) |
Unpublished during his lifetime. |
| 1891 | Orsino | Unpublished during his lifetime. |
| 1892 | Le Dernier Procès de Louis Berquin (The Last Trial of Louis Berquin) |
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| 1895 | Les Origines du théâtre lyrique moderne (The origins of modern lyric theatre) |
Academic treatise, which won a prize from the Académie Française |
| 1895 | Histoire de l'opéra avant Lully et Scarlatti (A History of Opera in Europe before Lully and Scarlatti) |
Dissertation for his doctorate in Letters |
| 1895 | Cur ars picturae apud Italos XVI saeculi deciderit | Latin-language thesis on the decline in Italian oil painting in the course of the sixteenth century |
| 1897 | Saint-Louis | |
| 1897 | Aërt | Historical/philosophical drama |
| 1898 | Les Loups (The Wolves) |
Historical/philosophical drama |
| 1899 | Le Triomphe de la raison (The Triumph of Reason) |
Historical/philosophical drama |
| 1899 | Georges Danton | Historical/philosophical drama |
| 1900 | Le Poison idéaliste | |
| 1901 | Les Fêtes de Beethoven à Mayence | |
| 1902 | Le Quatorze Juillet (July 14–Bastille Day) |
Historical/philosophical drama |
| 1902 | François-Millet | |
| 1903 | Vie de Beethoven (Life of Beethoven) |
Biography |
| 1903 | Le temps viendra | |
| 1903 | Le Théâtre du peuple (People's Theater) |
Seminal essay in the democratization of theatre. |
| 1904 | La Montespan | Historical/philosophical drama |
| 1904 - 1912 | Jean-Christophe | Cycle of ten volumes divided into three series–Jean-Christophe, Jean-Christophe à Paris, and la Fin du voyage, published by Cahiers de la Quinzaine |
| 1904 | L'Aube | First volume of the series Jean-Christophe |
| 1904 | Le Matin (Morning) |
Second volume of the series Jean-Christophe |
| 1904 | L'Adolescent (The Adolescent) |
Third volume of the series Jean-Christophe |
| 1905 | La Révolte (The Revolt) |
Fourth volume of the series Jean-Christophe |
| 1907 | Vie de Michel-Ange (Life of Michelangelo) |
Biography |
| 1908 | Musiciens d'aujourd'hui (Contemporary Musicians) |
Collection of articles and essays about music |
| 1908 | Musiciens d'autrefois (Musicians of the Past) |
Collection of articles and essays about music |
| 1908 | La Foire sur la place | First volume of the series Jean-Christophe à Paris |
| 1908 | Antoinette | Second volume of the series Jean-Christophe à Paris |
| 1908 | Dans la maison (At Home) |
Third volume of the series Jean-Christophe à Paris |
| 1910 | Haendel | |
| 1910 | Les Amies (Friends) |
First volume of the series la Fin du voyage |
| 1911 | La Vie de Tolstoï (Life of Tolstoy) |
Biography |
| 1911 | Le Buisson ardent | Second volume of the series la Fin du voyage |
| 1912 | La Nouvelle Journée | Third volume of the series la Fin du voyage |
| 1912 | L'Humble Vie héroïque (The Humble Life of the Hero) |
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| 1915 | Au-dessus de la mêlée (Above the Battle) |
Pacifist manifesto |
| 1915 | Received the Nobel Prize in Literature | |
| 1917 | Salut à la révolution russe (Salute to the Russian Revolution) |
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| 1918 | Pour l'internationale de l'Esprit (For the International of the Spirit) |
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| 1918 | L'Âge de la haine (The Age of Hatred) |
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| 1919 | Colas Breugnon | Burgundian story |
| 1919 | Les Précurseurs (The Precursors) |
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| 1920 | Founded the review Europe | |
| 1920 | Clérambault | |
| 1920 | Pierre et Luce | |
| 1921 | Pages choisies (Selected Pages) |
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| 1921 | La Révolte des machines (The Revolt of the Machines) |
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| 1922-1933 | L'Âme enchantée (The Enchanted Soul) |
Seven volumes |
| 1922 | Annette et Sylvie | First volume of l'Âme enchantée |
| 1922 | Les Vaincus | |
| 1924 | L'Été (Summer) |
Second volume of l'Âme enchantée |
| 1924 | Mahatma Gandhi | |
| 1925 | Le Jeu de l'amour et de la mort (The Game of Love and Death) |
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| 1926 | Pâques fleuries | |
| 1927 | Mère et fils (Mother and Child) |
Third volume of l'Âme enchantée |
| 1928 | Léonides | |
| 1928 | De l'Héroïque à l'Appassionata (From the Heroic to the Passionate) |
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| 1929 | Essai sur la mystique de l'action (A study of the Mystique of Action) |
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| 1929 | L'Inde vivante (Living India) |
Essays |
| 1929 | Vie de Ramakrishna (Life of Ramakrishna) |
Essays |
| 1930 | Vie de Vivekananda (Life of Vivekananda) |
Essays |
| 1930 | L'Évangile universel | Essays |
| 1930 | Goethe et Beethoven | Essay |
| 1933 | L'Annonciatrice | |
| 1935 | Quinze Ans de combat | |
| 1936 | Compagnons de route | |
| 1937 | Le Chant de la Résurrection (Song of the Resurrection) |
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| 1938 | Les Pages immortelles de Rousseau (The Immortal Pages of Rousseau) |
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| 1939 | Robespierre | Historical/philosophical drama |
| 1942 | Le Voyage intérieur (The Interior Voyage) |
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| 1943 | La Cathédrale interrompue (The Interrupted Cathedral) |
Volumes I and II |
| 1945 | Péguy | Posthumous publication |
| 1945 | La Cathédrale interrompue | Volume III, posthumous |
[edit] External links
- The Nobel Prize in Literature 1915
- Works by Romain Rolland at Project Gutenberg
- Sven Söderman on Rolland
- Association Romain Rolland
- Romain Rolland's thoughts on Vedanta
- Works by Romain Rolland (public domain in Canada)
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